Monoalcohols, thepa ea bona ea nama le lik'hemik'hale

Alcohols - ke sehlopha sa arohaneng tsa metsoako manyolo, eo ka ho hlophisoa lona ba le 'ngoe kapa ho feta hydroxyl sehlopha. Ho itšetlehile ka palo ea lihlopha tsa OH tsa oxygenates tsena li arotsoe ka alcohols monohydric, trihydric, joalo-joalo Hangata ka ho fetisisa, dintho tsena tse rarahaneng e nkoa e le derivatives tsa hydrocarbons eo limolek'hule li fetohile ho tloha le 'ngoe kapa ho feta liathomo hydrogen li ka go engwa legatong bakeng sa sehlopha hydroxyl.

Litho tse bonolo tsa sehlopha sena ke alcohols monohydric, le moralo kakaretso ea tsona e tjena: R-OH kapa CN + H 2n + 1OH.

Homologous letoto la metsoako tsena e qala ka methylene ho noa joala kapa methanol (CH3OH), lateloa ke ea ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol ebe (S3N7ON) jj

Bakeng sa alcohols a tšoauoa ka isomerism k'habone masapo le lihlopha tsa tshebetso.

alcohols Monohydric bontša joalo thepa 'meleng :

1. Alcohols nang ho fihlela ho 15 ka carbon liathomo - mokelikeli 15 le ho feta --butle.
2. Solubility ka metsi e itšetlehile ka boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule, a phahameng e le, e qhibilihang ka har'a metsi a ho noa joala ho feta. Kahoo, alcohols tlaase (ho fihlela propanol) ke miscible ka metsi ka boholo tsohle, 'me e phahameng ke hoo e batlang e sa qhibilihang ka har'a eona.
3. Belang hape eketsa le e ntseng e eketseha ea athomo boima, mohlala, sa t halefile. CH3OH = 65 ° C, 'me e chesang sa t. C2H5OH = 78 ° C.
4. A phahameng e belang e mocheso, e ka tlaase ho volatility, i.e. sepakbola mpe e pshang kateng.

Tsena thepa meleng alcohols ba phelelang ho sehlopha se le seng hydroxyl ka hlalosoa ke le ketsahalo e sa intermolecular oxyphobe hydrogen pakeng limolek'hule motho ya motsoako, kapa ho noa joala le metsi.

alcohols Monohydric ba ka khona ho kena itšoare joalo lik'hemik'hale:

1. Combustion - khanya lelakabe, mocheso ke: C2H5OH + 3O2 - 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2. Tloswa ya - itšoara alkanols le tšepe mafolofolo, lihlahisoa ba itšoara joang ha boa tsitsa metsoako - alkoxides - degradability metsi: 2S2N5ON + 2K - 2S2N5OK + H2.
3. Sebelisana le sulphonate asiti: C2H5OH + HBr - S2N5Br + H2O.
4. Esterification le acid manyolo le inorganic, ea fella ka hore Ester thehoa.
5. Ho kena moea, ao ho 'ona ho aldehydes kapa ketones di fumana.
6. Dehydration. itsoara joang ka hlahellang tlas'a futhumatsang ka ho sebedisa sethothetsi. Intramolecular dehydration ka alcohols tlaase le hlaha Zaitseva a busa, le ka lebaka la itšoara joang ena ke sebopeho sa metsi 'me e hydrocarbon unsaturated. Ha e intermolecular lihlahisoa dehydration itšoara joang ke ethers le metsi.

The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa alcohols, e ka etsa qeto ea hore ho alcohols monohydric - ke amphoteric metsoako hobane ba ka 'na ba itšoara ka tšepe le a alkali, le bontša ho fokolang thepa asiti le ka sulphonate hydrogen, le bontša thepa ea motheo. lik'hemik'hale tsohle ho tswela pele ka maqhama a pshatloa O-H kapa C-O.

Kahoo, fokotsa monoalcohols - e komponeng rarahaneng le e mong OH sehlopha se be le bolokolohi valencies ka mor'a hore sebopeho sa C-C le tlamahano le bontša thepa le acid fokolang le makalana. Ka lebaka la thepa ea lona 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale, di ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka tswakana manyolo, ho tlhahisong ea solvents, additives mafura, hammoho le ho indasteri ea lijo, meriana, litlolo (ethanol).