Ethers. tšobotsi

Ethers tse manyolo dintho, e limolek'hule tsa tsona li na le radicals hydrocarbon khomaretse ho athomo oksijene. Record e tjena: R'-O-R ", moo R" le R 'ke le tsoanang kapa fapaneng radicals.

Ethers ba nkoa e le derivatives tsa alcohols. metsoako tsena na mabitso komponeng. E sebelisa sehlooho radicals (nyolohela boima limolek'hule) 'me, ha e le hantle, lentsoe la "moea" (dimethyl phenylate SN3OSN3, methylene ethyl phenylate S2N5OSN3 joalo joalo).

Ditshwani metsoako R-O-R ba fumanoa ka intramolecular dehydration ea joala e. Ka molek'hule e 'ngoe, moo le puisano e le ho etsahala OH lekhalo, le basebetsi ba bang - le C-O. itsoara joang ka ho nkoa e le e nucleophilic tloswa HO-sehlopha (ho e nngwe molek'hule) sehlopha RO (tsa molek'hule e 'ngoe).

Sa karolelano komponeng R-O-R 'thehoa ka sebelisana tsa alkoxide le galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (ho fapana le alcohols bona isomeric) na tlaase qhibiliha le belisoe lintlha. Ka dikgokelo metsi hoo e ka bang ha kopanya. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore ethers ha theha litlamo hydrogen e loketseng ho ba sieo ha ka molek'hule Polar O-H litlamo.

Metsoako tse ka tlaase ho moo a sebetsang. Ba na le bokhoni ba ka tlaase ho ka karabelo feta alcohols.

Ethers ba atisa ho sebelisoa e le solvent ka lebaka la matla a bona a ho qhala dintho tse ngata tse phelang.

Metsoako bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa li akarelletsa asiti dintho heterocyclic: dioxane le epoxide (ethylene oxide e).

Pele ke solvent molemo. Dioxane ke miscible le hydrocarbons bobeli le metsi. Ka lebaka la litšobotsi tsena, motsoako ona o boetse o bitsoa "metsi manyolo". Dioxane ke nang le chefo e, empa kotsi lona khōlō ka ho fetisisa e emela halogen dibenzoderivatives.

selulose esters ke lihlahisoa tsa tloswa ea athomo hydrogen ka lihlopha hydroxyl tsa macromolecules selulose ke alkyl kapa acid e moieties. tswakana e atlehe ho fana ka e ncha thepa ea boleng bo sa, ka ho khetheha le solubility le thermoplasticity. Ha litlhaka kahare ka go engwa legatong acid e thehoa rarahaneng, ke tloswa le alkyl radicals - metsoako e bonolo.

Pele lokiseditsweng ho tshebetso ya ho acylation le esterification - ha itšoara selulose le acid inorganic le manyolo, chloride bona acid e le anhydrides. Moholo ka ho fetisisa e sebetsang bohlokwa ksatogenatam. metsoako tsena tse lokiselitsoeng ke itšoara ka acid inorganic le ho sebelisa ha bona ho tlhahisong ea cellophane le viscose likhoele. Industrial bohlokwa le selulose nitrates. Ba li sebelisoa ho hlahisa lacquers, lifilimi smokeless phofo.

Har'a metsoako fumanoa ka itšoara joang ka acid manyolo, ho indasteri e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa selulose acetates. Di le sebelisitsoe ka ba lokisetsa ho ea likhole tse iketselitsoeng, dipolasetiki le filimi.

Ho na le boetse ho na le e tsoakiloeng selulose esters. Ba na le mefuta e fapaneng ya acyl le alkyl substituents.

Properties tsa ethers selulose itšetlehile ka mofuta wa khōlō. Boleng le o na le tekanyo ea ho tloswa le molekyler.

E bonolo tlaase ka go engwa legatong metsoako tse qhibilihang ka har'a ka ditharollo ea metsi alkaline le metsi. Sena se nolofalletsa ho sebelisa ha bona e le thickeners le stabilizers ka emulsions ka oli, pampiri, Textile, lijo, meriana le liindasteri tse ling. Haholo ka go engwa legatong esters (rarahaneng le e bonolo) bona e nyalanang le plasticizers. Ba sebelisoa a tlhahisong ea dipolasetiki le pente e fumaneng.

Crown ethers ke polyesters nang oksijene ho feta ka lesale liathomo. Ka botsebi, ba nkoa e le lihlahisoa tsa ethylene oxide e tsiklooligomerizatsii. A thepa e ikhethang ea metsoako tsena ke bokhoni ba ho bopa mehahong le matsoai a sa tšoaneng ea lirafshoa a alkali. mehahong ena e thehoa ka lebaka la ho sebelisana electrostatic.