Esters: litšobotsi tse akaretsang le kopo

Esters ya - lihlahisoa tloswa ea liathomo hydrogen sa lihlopha tse hydroxyl ea acid carboxylic le acid matsoai ka har'a carbon khōlō. Khetholla mono-, di- le polyesters. teng mono,, acid di- le polybasic, acid monobasic ho - esters feletseng le asiti. Title Ester e na le lebitso, ho akarelletsa sebopeho sa eona sa acid e le joala. Bakeng sa esters, hangata le sebelisitsoeng mona le sa reng letho kapa ea histori nomenclature. Ho latela IUPAC mabitso nomenclature esters ba thehoa ka tsela e latelang: nka khōlō sehlooho joala ile a phaella ka e le lebitso le hydrocarbon acid le ho ipolaea -oat. Ka mohlala, mekhoa mehaho ea esters (le isomers metamers) ngollana ho moralo o balletsweng limolek'hule S4N802, ke nomenclatures fapaneng ba e mong ea bitsoang: propilformiat (propilmetanoat) izopropilformiat (izopripilmetanoat), ethyl ea acetate (etiletanoat) melpropionat (methylpropanoate).

Ba lokisetsa ho ea esters. metsoako tsena tse abuoeng ka tlhaho. Kahoo, esters tsa boima ba 'mele tlaase ea limolek'hule le mahareng acid carboxylic homologous series ke karolo ea oli ea bohlokoa ea limela tse ngata (mohlala, uksusnoizoamilovy Ester kapa "pere e le hantle", e leng karolo ea Pears le mebala e mengata), le esters tsa glycerol le tse mafura acid e phahameng - lik'hemik'hale motheong oa mafura' ohle le oli. Ba bang ba esters itokiselitse maiketsetso.

The esterification itsoara joang ka etsahala ka ho sebelisana ea acid carboxylic (le matsoai) le alcohols. The sethothetsi sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le e matla matsoai acid e (ho fetisisa e atisa ho sebelisoa H2S04). The sethothetsi molek'hule activates ea acid e carboxylic.

Sekhahla itsoara joang ka tsa esterification itšetlehile hape ka hore a amahanngoe OH sehlopha (mathomo, se mahareng kapa e phahameng) le athomo efe kapa efe k'habone ka lik'hemik'hale mofuta wa acid e le joala le sebopeho hydrocarbon ketane, e leng e tse amanang le carboxyl ena.

Hydrolysis tsa esters ena. The hydrolysis itšoara joang (saponification) esters - ke khutlisetsang itsoara joang ka tsa esterification. O feta butle. Ha ekeletsoa motsoako itšoara joang, le motsoako oa acid diminerale kapa alkalis, lebelo lona ea eketseha. A alkali saponification o beha ka makhetlo a likete tse ka potlako ho feta acid. esters li hydrolyzed ka seaplane e alkaline, le ethers - ka acid e.

Holim 'a esters futhumatsang le alcohols ka ho ba teng ha sulphate acid e kapa alcoholates (alkaline seaplane) alkoxy phapanyetsano se hlahile. Ena e bopa e Ester e ncha, 'me ba itšoara joang mahareng e khutlela joala, eo pele e neng e ne e le ka mokgwa wa litlhaka kahare ka Ester molek'hule.

Esters phokotso itšoara joang. Fokotsa mahlahana ke hangata ka ho fetisisa lithium aluminium hydride, sodium ka a phehile joala. Esters ba hanyetsa phahameng hore a nke khato ho ba oxidants tse fapa-fapaneng sebelisoa ka lik'hemik'hale tswakana kapa and analysis ho sireletsa lihlopha tse tahang le ho phenol.

baemeli ba Esters khōlō. Ethyl ethanoate (acetic phenylate) e fumanoa ka ho esterification itsoara joang ka ea ethanol 'me ea acetate acid e sethothetsi ( acid e sulphate). Ethyl ethanoate e sebelisoa e le solvent tsa selulose nitrate ka tlhahiso ea smokeless gunpowder, 'me lifoto filimi, litholoana essences dikarolo tsa indasteri ea lijo.

Izoamiletanoat (uksusnoizoamilovy phenylate, "pere e le hantle") ke haholo qhibilihang ka har'a ka ethanol, diethyl phenylate. Ea acetate ne a lokisitsoeng ke esterification ea acid le isoamyl joala. Izoamilmetilbutanoat sebelisoa e le tatso motsoako ka perfumery le jwalo solvent ka.

Izoamilizovaleriat ( "apole" hantle, izovalerianovoizoamilovy phenylate) e fumanoa ka ho itšoara ka esterification isovaleric acid e le joala isoamyl. Itse Ester e sebediswa e le essences litholoana ho indasteri e lijo.