Asiti carboxylic

Lik'hemik'hale manyolo komponeng, eo limolek'hule na bonyane le nngwe carboxyl sehlopha ka sebopeho lona (it tsamaiso di nyalantswe carbonyl - tshebetso sehlopha sa aldehydes le ketones, le hydroxyl - joala tshebetso sehlopha) o ile a fumana lebitso la tloaelehile hore batho ba - acid e carboxylic. Moralo ba ka hlahisoa e le R-COOH, moo R ke monovalent hydrocarbon tshebetso sehlopha. asiti efe kapa efe carboxylic, ho fapana ho acid fetisisa inorganic, fokola 'me incompletely dissociated ka ions.

Joalokaha mehlala e bonolo ke formic (methane e) H-COOH acid e. lebitso la e bua ka histori ea pele ea rasiti lona ka 1670 ea e khubelu bohloa English tlhaho John Ray. The acid e carboxylic le lihlopha tse peli kapa ho feta carboxyl tla bitsoa dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic (kapa tricarboxylic) joalo joalo. Mohlala bonolo e acid e oxalic le moralo lona C2H2O4, ka molek'hule e nang le lihlopha carboxyl tse peli. Ka shestiosnovnoy ka lebisa mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu) acid e, moralo lona C12H6O12. The molek'hule e na le lihlopha carboxyl tšeletseng nkeloa sebaka ka benzene lesale liathomo hydrogen.

acid Organic hangata e fumanoang ka tlhaho. Mohlala, geksakarbonovaya acid e fumanoang majoe mahe a linotši a fumanoa ka lignites).

Ho na le tse ngata tsa bohlokoa metsoako sa tlhaho ka sehlopha sena. Tsena li akarelletsa citric acid e C6H8O7 (emela lijo 'maloa additives E330-E333), e leng qalong o ne a fumana ho tswa ho lero butsoang sirilamunu ka 1784 ke Sweden pharmacist K. Scheele. Tartaric acid e C4H6O6 ke lijo tseloe E334). asiti ena carboxylic e abuoeng ka ho tlhaho. E leng ka lero a hloekileng tsa litholoana tse ngata.

Ha re nahana ka leha e le efe sa letoto lee homologous tsa metsoako manyolo, ho eona ho na le liphetoho tse teng kamehla thepa le ho eketseha boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule. The thepa ea e mong le e motsoako itšetleha ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule le, ke hore, ka litsela tse ngata e hlalosa isomerism bona carboxylic acid. Baemeli qalang letotong la homologous thehoa ho tswa acid e formic, ho akarelletsa le acetic le propionic, e bua ka mokelikeli ka. Di tšoauoa ka e monko go utlwala le ke hang-hang qhibilihang ka har'a metsi. Baemeli e phahameng di-butle eo ha qhala ka metsing.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea acid carboxylic ba haholo-holo e behilweng ke tšusumetso ea sehlopha carbonyl ho sehlopha hydroxyl. Ka hona, le metsoako tsena, ho fapana ho alcohols e, ba le asiti tlhaku phatlalatsoe.

Ka mohlala, ka ditharollo ea metsi, ba ka 'na dissociate ka ions, eo ke bopaki ba hore e mokelikeli colouring mora phaella ka ho re litmus khubelu. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha cations hydrogen. Ke hore, mahareng tsa ditharollo bona ea metsi ke asiti (ph ka tlase ho 7).

Ha ho kopana le tšepe kapa makalana khona ho eaba ba etsa acid e letsoai carboxylic: 2CH3-COOH + MG → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑.

acid Organic hape kena lik'hemik'hale le carbonates, displacing acid e k'habone: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Ba habonolo itšoara joang le ammonia ho theha letsoai: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

The thepa asiti li ntlafatsoa ha acid manyolo ba teng le ka tse khōlō le substituent mpe e le hantle inductive. Ka mohlala, ketso ea chloride ka acid e acetic ile butle-butle tlosa e mong athomo hydrogen tsa liathomo chloride le ho amohela acid e chloroacetic, acid e dichloroacetic, le asiti ebe trichloroacetic, ho na le keketseho ea bohale thepa bona asiti.

asiti efe kapa efe carboxylic ka fumanoa ka litsela tse ngata. The atileng ka ho fetisisa ke mokhoa oo, e leng e thehiloe itsoara joang ka tsa ho kena moea. E le tefo ea pele ea reactants alcohols kapa aldehydes. mokhoa o mong oa ho hlahisa acid manyolo ke hydrolysis tsa nitriles phallang ka futhumatsang ka acid hlapolotsweng matsoai.