Homologous series

Ka k'hemistri, ho na le lihlopha tsa dintho manyolo, tšoauoa ka thepa tšoanang le ba kopantsoe ke ho moralo o balletsweng kakaretso, e hlalosang mohlala oa ho se tšoane mehaho pakeng tsa setho ka seng sa morago ga moo e sa sehlopha fetileng. Ka mohlala, homologous letoto la alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , kapa lihlopha tse ling. nomenclature ena ke ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho ithuta kapa tloaelo ea ho bonelang. Bakeng sa dintho manyolo ka hara sehlopha, ho na le liphetoho tse teng kamehla thepa lik'hemik'hale 'meleng,' me bohle ba correlated le phetoho ka boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule.

Ka tsela e tsoanang bohlokoa ba melao eo hlalosa ka moo thepa ya dintho ka phetoho ea ho tloha sehlopha se le seng ho se seng. Ho utloisisa hore na ke homologous series, lokela ho nahana ka mehlala e latelang e itseng. Bakeng sa sehlopha se e 'ngoe ea metsoako lia eketseha ka bath mocheso oa qhibiliha (crystallization), a phehile (condensation) le segokanyipalo sa le eketseha boima ba' mele ea limolek'hule 'me palo ea liathomo k'habone ka molek'hule ea.

Phelelang hydrocarbons ba bitsoa paraffinic kapa ba phelelang; ba emela acyclic (ha ho na lipotolohong) komponeng otlolohile kapa mehaho e se makala a, e liathomo ka limolek'hule tsa tse ikopanya ka litlamo le 'ngoe. Tsela eo palo yohle e CnH2n + 2 'me e hlalosa homologous letoto la alkanes. Molek'hule e mong morago ga moo e eketseha setho ka bapisoa le fetileng e mong C athomo le liathomo tse peli ho H. phelelang hydrocarbons kenyeletsa:

• methane e;
• hlahisoang moo ethane;
• Propane, 'me joalo-joalo.

Bakeng sa hydrocarbons phelelang hape e kenyeletsa cycloparaffins. Sena ke sehlopha se seholo sa metsoako manyolo eo limolek'hule tse koetsoeng masale. Homologous series ea bona o na le moralo o balletsweng CnH2n, qala ka lik'hemik'hale ho liathomo k'habone tse tharo. Mehlala ea cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, joalo-joalo

Unsaturated kapa unsaturated hydrocarbons boetse ho na le acyclic. Tsena li akarelletsa lintho tse sa tloaelehileng le mot-sebopeho. Homologous letoto la alkenes ho ba le moralo o balletsweng kakaretso CnH2n. metsoako tsena li tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha tlamo e 'ngoe habeli pakeng tsa liathomo tse peli k'habone. Ha mola fetileng e qala ka hydrocarbon le k'habone athomo (methane e), hore qala ka lintho tse ka molek'hule ea eo e na le liathomo k'habone tse peli. Mehlala ea alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, 'me joalo-joalo.

Hydrocarbons ka molek'hule e 'meli liathomo k'habone amana ke tlamo e hararo tse eketsehileng unsaturated, ho seng joalo e bitsoa acetylene. Di kopantsoe ka homologous letoto la alkynes. E hlalositsoeng ke moralo CnH2n-2 le ho qala ka acetylene ka moralo ea eona e ke liathomo tse peli C. Mehlala ea alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 joalo joalo.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons acyclic eo molek'hule na tse peli litlamo habeli ba bitsoa diene. Ba na le moralo o balletsweng kakaretso CnH2n-2. letoto la lihlooho tsa bona homologous qala ka hydrocarbon le liathomo tse tharo k'habone ka molek'hule ea. Litlamo habeli ka conjugated (arohantsoe ke tlamo e 'ngoe le' ngoe) Cumulated (teng ka liathomo haufi) kapa thōko (arohane litlamo tse ngata le 'ngoe). Mehlala ea dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, joalo-joalo

A sehlopha se khethehileng Ho thehoa ke lik'hemik'hale sebopeho cyclic ka molek'hule e nang le benzene lesale. Homologous letoto la leeme hydrocarbon nkhang hamonate e qala ka motsoako le liathomo k'habone tse tsheletseng - benzene. Homologues letotong lena la lihlooho li thehoa ke emeng le 'ngoe kapa ho feta liathomo hydrogen bonded ho benzene lesale radicals ena. Kahoo, palo ea lintho: benzene, toluene, xylene. Ha molek'hule o substituents peli kapa ho feta hore li bontša ho ba teng ha isomers ya dintho tsena. Tse ling homologous letoto la aromatics ba thehoa ho tswa naphthalene naphthalene, anthracene, 'me lintho tse ling.

Ha hydrocarbon molek'hule o na le sehlopha se tshebetso, lik'hemik'hale joalo hape etsa letoto homologous.

• alcohols maloa tšoauoa ka ho ba le ka molek'hule ea hydroxyl sehlopha (-OH). Bakeng sa monoalcohols mong athomo hydrogen ka hydrocarbon acyclic ka go engwa legatong ke sehlopha hydroxyl; moralo bona: CnH2n + 1OH. Ho na le boetse ho na le letoto la lihlooho tse la polyols.
• phenols maloa tšoauoa ke boteng ka molek'hule ea le hydroxyl sehlopha (-OH), empa e nka sebaka hydrogen ka benzene lesale.
• Tšoauoa ka nomoro ea aldehydes ka molek'hule ea lik'hemik'hale komponeng ea carbonyl sehlopha (> C = O); aldehydes ea ka moralo o akaretsang: R-CH = O.
• maloa ba ketones ba boetse ba khetholloa ka ho ba teng ha carbonyl sehlopha (> C = O), empa haeba e amana le aldehydes e khōlō, joale ketones pedi hydrocarbon khōlō. Ketones moralo: R1-CO-R2.
• tse ngata tsa acid carboxylic fapana lik'hemik'hale tse ling carboxyl sehlopha, kopanya carbonyl le hydroxyl lihlopha. Moralo - RCOOH.

Bakeng sa moleng ka mong, ebang homologous series aldehydes, k'habone (manyolo) acid, alcohols kapa lintho tse ling, thepa ea bona e tla haholo itšetleha ka mofuta oa sehlopha tshebetso le tlhaho fapana ka palo le ho eketseha boima ba 'mele dintho limolek'hule. tlhophiso ena ke sehlopha sa sephara ea metsoako lik'hemik'hale thusa ho utloisisa lintho tsa tlhaho le ho ithuta thepa tsa bona.