Polyols: characterization, ho lokisetsa le tshebediso ya

Alcohols tse nkiloeng limolek'hule hydrocarbon oo le 'ngoe kapa ho feta liathomo hydrogen e haufi ho ba phelelang ho ka carbon athomo e ka go engwa legatong le sehlopha hydroxy - OH. E experimentally bontšitse hore palo ea hydroxyls joala molek'hule e ke ke ho feta palo ea liathomo hydrocarbon. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta wa khōlō, khetholla acyclic (aliphatic) le alcohols cyclic; ka palo ea lihlopha tsa hydroxyl, - mono-, di-, tri- le alcohols polyhydric; ho tlala - phelelang le unsaturated; saeteng diriswa tsa sehlopha hydroxyl ka ketane hydrocarbon - sa mathomo, se mahareng le phahameng alcohols.

Polyhydric alcohols - derivatives tsa alkanes ka limolek'hule le liathomo hydrogen fetang tse tharo li nkeloa sebaka ke hydroxy - OH. Bakeng sa alcohols le polyhydric e le derivatives tsa monosaccharides tšoauoa isomerism le Optical isomerism boemo hydrocarbon ketane OH sehlopha. Optical isomerism amana le bokhoni ba lihlopha tse itseng tsa dintho tse manyolo ka tharollo bontša mosebetsi Optical. mosebetsi Optical ya dintho ikemiselitse ho sebelisa polarimeter.

Ya boleng itsoara joang ka polyols

Ba itšoara joang ho fetisisa tloaelehileng ho polyols ya boleng e sebelisana bona le hydroxide koporo. Nakong ea qhalana itšoara joang hydroxide, ka tsela eo eaba ba etsa chelate rarahaneng pherese.

Polyols: baemeli ka sehloohong

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alcohols (OH) 4 e bitswang tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (OH) 5 - pentitami, alcohols hexahydric S6N8 (OH) 6 - hexitols. Sehlopheng ka seng joalo khetholla alcohols motho eo na le mabitso a ba histori: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, joalo-joalo

ho lokisetsa polyalcohols

alcohols tsena di tsa maiketsetso ke phokotso ea monosaccharides, ho condensation tsa aldehydes le formaldehyde ka seaplane e alkaline. hangata haholo, alcohols polyhydric lokisetsa ho tloha thepa tsa tlhaho e tala. Ba bang ba alcohols ntšitsoeng litholoana lithaba molora.

Polyhydric alcohols - optically a sebetsang a komponeng, qhibilihang ka har'a haholo ka metsing. The Ire le UV spectra na absorption lihlopha tloaelehileng OH lihlopha tsa alcohols monohydric. Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alcohols ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha lihlopha OH. Ka itšoara joang ea metsoako tsena le alkaline lefatše tšepe alcoholates thehoa - saccharate. Ka ho kena moea oa hydroxyl e localized haufi pele k'habone athomo (C1) di thehoa monosaccharides.

Polyols: baemeli ka sehloohong

Erythritol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - bonaletsang ntho qhibiliha ka 121,5 ° C. The joala ka holimo tse boriba le mosses. Erythritol ka fumaneha ka ntlha ya go ho hlaphoheloa ba 1,3-butadiene le erythrose. O ile a re ho noa joala le sebelisitsoe ka tlhahisong ea metsoako phatlohang, o potlakang-omisa inks, emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - kristale monate, hang-hang qhibilihang ka har'a metsing, qhibilihile ka mocheso oa likhato tse 61,5. The joala ka holimo li ka tsa maiketsetso ke phokotso ea xylose. Xylitol sebediswa ho indasteri e ea lijo ka tlhahisong ea lijo bakeng sa ho diabetics, hammoho le ka tlhahisong ea halogenated alkyd, omisa oli, 'me surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - tiileng hampe qhibilihang ka har'a metsi. Fumanoa ka itšoara formaldehyde le acetaldehyde ka ho ba teng ha Ca (OH) 2. E sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka tlhahisong ea polyesters, halogenated alkyd, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers bakeng polyvinyl chloride, oli a maiketsetso a. Bontša thepa narcotic.

Mannitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - monate tatso ntho qhibiliha likhato 165. Tse mosses, li-fungus, dimelametsing, dimela e phahameng. Sebediswa e le diuretic le e le motsoako oa lihlahisoa setlolo (ditlotso).

D-Sorbitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - qhibiliha likhato 96. The joala ditholwana morui, ea thaba molora. Sorbitol e fumanweng ka phokotso ea tsoekere. O ile a re ho noa joala ke sehlahisoa lipakeng ka tswakana oa vithamine ea C, e bontša diuretic bohato, e sebelisoa e le ka nkang sebaka sa diabetics sucrose.