Where is tsa maiketsetso rRNA. RRNA Ribosomal RNA: characterization le tlhaloso ea mohaho

Baeloji ea limolek'hule o ntse a ithuta sebopeho le mosebetsi wa hlahisa limolek'hule tse etsang lisele tse phelang tsa limela, liphoofolo le batho. Hlokomelehang har'a bona o fuoa sehlopha sa metsoako bitsoa nucleic (a nyutlelie) acid.

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli: acid e deoxyribonucleic (DNA) le ribonucleic. Ea bobeli e na le diphetolo 'maloa: mRNA, tRNA le rRNA, e fapana ka mosebetsi bona le sebaka sa diriswa ka seleng. Sehlooho sena se e nehetsoeng ho ithuta ka lipotso tse latelang: moo e tsa maiketsetso rRNA ka prokaryotic le lisele tse eukaryotic, se sebopeho lona le se bolelang.

lesedi tsa histori

Pele ho buuoa saense ea acid e ribosomal ka fumanoa lithuto tsa ke R. Weinberg le S. Penman ka 60-ogy ea XX lekholong la lilemo la, ea hlalositseng e khutšoanyane polynucleotide molek'hule amanang le RNA, empa fapaneng tlhaloganya sebaka sebopeho le sedimentation coefficient tsa tlhahisoleseding le phetiso RNA. Hangata ka ho fetisisa, limolek'hule tsa bona li fumanoa ka ho hlophisoa ha nucleolus, 'me organelles seleng e - ribosomes, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa tswakana tsa protheine lisele. Ba li ne li bitsoa ribosomal (Ribosomal RNA).

Characterization tsa RNA

asiti Ribonucleic, joaloka DNA, ke polymer tseo monomers ke nucleotides mefuta 4: adenine, guanine, uracil le cytidine amanang litlamo phosphodiester ka limolek'hule telele ba se nang balekane-tsielehile, sothile be spiral ho ba le ho feta kapa conformation. Ho na le boetse ho na le ba babeli tsielehile Ribosomal RNA etsahalang RNA likokoana-hloko le etsisa mesebetsi DNA: lula le phetiso ea litšobotsi lefa.

mefuta e meraro ea acid e fumanoang ka seleng e hangata ka ho fetisisa e le: a popeho, kapa lesedi, RNA ho tsamaisa Ribosomal RNA, ho tse khomaretse amino acid, hammoho le asiti ribosomal, teng ka nucleolus le cytoplasm ea sele.

Ribosomal RNA ke hoo e ka bang 80% ea acid ribonucleic ka seleng le 60% ea boima ba ribosome - organelle, lisele tswakana protheine. le mefuta eohle ea holimo ba tsa maiketsetso (transcribed) libakeng tse itseng tsa DNA, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsena RNA. Nakong ea tswakana tsa molek'hule e amehang potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e khethehileng - RNA polymerase. Place ka seleng, moo rRNA e tsa maiketsetso - ke nucleolus, e leng ka karyoplasm liboto.

Nucleolus, seabo ea eona e leng tswakana ya

Ka lisele tse phelang, e bitsoang li-cell potoloho khetholla pakeng tsa likarohano lona - interphase. Ka nako ena, ka ho khubu seleng ea 'mele le letšo-letšo dibopeho granular bitsoa nucleoli le ke ea bohlokoa motsoako ea lisele bobeli ea limela le liphoofolo tse hantle bonahalang.

Ka baeloji ea limolek'hule, ho ile ha fumanoa hore nucleoli ke organelles moo rRNA e tsa maiketsetso. diphuputso tse ding hape lebisa ho likarolo sibolloa cytology tsa DNA seleng ea ka eo liphatsa tsa lefutso li ikarabellang ho sebopeho le tswakana ea acid ribosomal ile a fumanoa. Ba li ne li bitsoa nucleolar morulaganyi.

nucleolus morulaganyi

Ho fihlela ho 60-ogy ea XX lekholong la lilemo la ka baeloji e ne e le maikutlo a hore ho morulaganyi nucleolus, teng setšeng sa constriction mahareng ka 13, 14, 15, 21 le 22 le lipara tsa chromosomes, o na le mokhoa o mong oa site ena e le 'ngoe. Bafuputsi ba amehang ho ithuta chromosome senya, e bitswang aberrations, ba fumane hore nako lekhalo chromosome sebakeng seo sa constriction mahareng Ho thehoa nucleoli ka e mong le e ba likarolo tsa eona.

Kahoo, e latelang ka o ile a re: nucleolus morulaganyi na le se seng empa 'maloa loci (liphatsa tsa lefutso) ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa sebopeho sa nucleolus. Ho ho eona tsa maiketsetso rRNA Ribosomal RNA eaba ba etsa yuniti e nyane nang le protheine e synthesizing seleng ea organelles - ribosomes.

Ke seo ribosome?

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, tsohle mefuta e meraro e ka sehloohong ea RNA teng ka seleng moo ba ileng ba ba tsa maiketsetso ka itseng libakeng tse - DNA liphatsa tsa lefutso. La sephetho ribosomal RNA mongwalollo foromo mehahong le liprotheine - RNPs ya eo e bopa karolo ea bohlokoa ea organelles nakong e tlang, seo ho thoeng ke subunits. Ka pores ka lera le libetsa tsa nyutlelie ka cytoplasm, ba ile ba fallela le theha e sebopeho kopaneng ho eona, se se akaretsang sa molek'hule le ntse-RNA le t-RNA, e bitsoang polysomes.

Ribosome ho bona ka bobona le ka ho aroloa ke ketso ea ions k'halsiamo le teng ka sebōpeho sa subunits arohaneng. Etsolla thulaganyou e tšoanang le hlaha ka liphaposi tsa cytoplasm seleng ea moo dithulaganyo phetolelo etsahala - bokana limolek'hule liprotheine lisele. Ka seleng ke le mafolofolo boboleling tlhokomelwa fela thata ho feta phallang ho eona metabolism, le ho feta e na le ribosomes. Mohlala, lisele tse lesapo moko, hepatocytes le batho vertebrate phoofolo tšoauoa ka palo e khōlō ea organelles tsena ka hare cytoplasm ena.

Kamoo liphatsa tsa lefutso li khouthollotsweng rRNA?

E Thehiloe ho se boletsoeng ka holimo, sebopeho, le mefuta e le mosebetsi wa rRNA liphatsa tsa lefutso li itšetlehile ka ho hlophisa nucleolar. Di lokisetsa loci nang liphatsa tsa lefutso Coding tsa RNA ribosomal. O. Miller, a khanna ho etsa lipatlisiso liseleng ovogenesis Newt, e mochine thehilwe tshebetsong ya liphatsa tsena. Kaha li ne li tsa maiketsetso likopi tsa rRNA (seo ho thoeng ke sa mathomo transkriptanty) e nang le ka 13h103 nucleotides le ho ba le sedimentation coefficient la 45 S. Joale, balebeli ba potoloho ena e tšoaroa ripening thulaganyou e ipolaea foromo limolek'hule tse tharo tsa leq-RNA sedimentation coefficients ea 5,8 S, 28 S, 'me 18 S.

The mochine oa sebōpeho sa leq-RNA

Khutlela Miller liteko tseo fuputsa tswakana tsa RNA ribosomal 'me a bontša hore DNA sebeletsa paterone ke nucleolar (popeho) bakeng sa sebopeho sa leq-RNA - transkriptanta. O ile a boela ile a fumana hore chelete ya potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale RNA polymerase limolek'hule itšetlehile ka palo ea acid immature ribosomal (pele ho rRNA), tse thehoa. Joale e ntan'o ba le nonofo ya mmele (lokisa), le leq-RNA limolek'hule qala hang-hang tlama ho peptides e, phello e ke ribonucleoprotein - mohaho ona o lintho tse bonahalang ribosome.

Features ribosomal acid liseleng eukaryotic

Le melao-motheo ea tloaelehile 'me sebopeho sa e akaretsang ea mekgwa tshebetso ya ribosomes prokaryotic le lintho tsa nyutlelie ntse ba le ho se tšoane tsitomolekulyarnye. Ho li fumana, bafuputsi ithuta sebelisoa mokhoa o bitsoang X-ray hlahlojoe. Ho ile ha fumanoa hore boholo ba ribosome eukaryotic 'me ka hona e-E leq-RNA kenyelelitsoe eona,' me e khōloanyane sedimentation coefficient la 80 S. organelle, ho lahleheloa ke magnesium ions, ka arohane ka subunits tse peli le litsupa 60 S le 40 S. Nyenyane phatsa akarellelitse molek'hule e 'ngoe ea acid e le kgolo - tse tharo, i.e. nucleated lisele tse ba le ribosomes, e bopilweng ka 4 polynucleotide helices acid e latelang litšobotsi tse: 28' s RNA - 5 likete nucleotides, 18 's - 2 likete tse 5' s - 120 nucleotides, 5, .. 8 S - 160. karolo moo rRNA e tsa maiketsetso liseleng eukaryotic - e disintegrations nucleolus bohata karyoplasm khubu.

Ribosomal RNA prokaryotes

Ho fapana le leq-RNA ka hare ho lisele tse nucleated, baktheria ribosomal acid ribonucleic ba transcribed ka karolo e itseng a petetswa tsa cytoplasm nang DNA 'me a bitsa nucleoid. E na le rRNA liphatsa tsa lefutso. Tokisetso ea, e bath kakaretso e leng e ka ba emeloang ke lesedi rewriting thulaganyou e le liphatsa tsa lefutso-E leq-RNA ka tatelano ea ribosomal ribonucleic acid e nucleotide complementarity DNA ka melawana ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso: adenine nukleoitid tšoana uracil, le guanine - cytosine.

R-RNA libaktheria na le e ka tlaase ea limolek'hule boima le litekanyo tse nyenyane tse ho feta lisele tse nucleated. sedimentation bona coefficient S 70, le subunits tse peli li litsupa 50 S le 30 S. The phatsa nyenyane e na le molek'hule e 'ngoe ea leq-RNAs, le kgolo - tse peli.

Karolo e phethoang ke acid e ea ribonucleic nakong phetolelo

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa rRNA ke ho fana ka tshebetso ya ho biosynthesis tsa protheine seleng e - LIVE. Ke feela ka ho ba teng ha ribosomes nang rRNA. Kena hammoho ka lihlopha, ba tlama ho DNA molek'hule ba boitsebiso bo etsa leano la ho. Ho e tsoa ho e ho cytoplasm lisele tse loketse ho tsamaisa molek'hule ribosomal acid ribonucleic behang-amino acid, e leng, hang ka polysomes amahanngoa hammoho ka litlamo peptide ho theha e polymer - protheine. O ke bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa manyolo lisele tse komponeng phetha mesebetsi tse ngata tsa bohlokoa: kaho, lipalangoang, matla potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, polokeho le a bontsa ho.

Sehlooho sena se hlahloba sebopeho bath le tlhaloso ea acid ribosomal nucleic ke biopolymers manyolo lisele tsa limela, liphoofolo le batho.