DNA ke eng, seo ke mosebetsi lona le bohlokwa ho lintho tse phelang

DNA - e acid e deoxyribonucleic, eo e fana ka polokeho le phetiso ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso. Ka sebopeho sa lona tlhahisoleseding patilwe ka sebōpeho sa RNA le liprotheine tsa 'mele. Bula sebopeho sena Switzerland I.Mishlerom ka 1869.

Ntlha ea pele, thepa ea sebele ea DNA li 'nile tsa e sa tsejoeng. Ho ne ho lumeloa hore e na le boikarabelo ba ho boloka 'mele oa phosphorus le thepa lona ho fetisetsa tlhahisoleseding e sa esita le hlokomela, hobane bajari ba lesedi lefa ka tloaelo ho nkoa liprotheine. Feela ka 1944, ka mor'a letoto la liteko ka phetoho ea libaktheria, ho ile ha fumanoa hore joalo DNA, 'me a bolela mesebetsi lona motheo. Ka mor'a 1952 tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le molek'hule ena o ahlame - e e-ba a tseba hore ho ke microcyteme ka sehloohong ea boitsebiso bo mabapi le sebōpeho sa genotype (e behiloeng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ntho e phelang), empa ne ke sa tsebe letho ka nako ya sebopeho sa lona haholo, sebōpeho sa DNA o ne a sa ba transcribed.

sebopeho lona limolek'hule ile deciphered ka 1953 ke James Watson le Francis Crick. Ba etsa qeto ea hore sena DNA - molek'hule ho theha e Helix habeli e entsoeng ka lihlopha deoxyribose le phosphate, hore tlama nitrogenous bokatlase - adenine, cytosine, guanine le thymine.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ha e kopana le melao-motheo ena e na le tsamaiso ka ho hlaka hlalosoa - adenine tlama feela le thymine le guanine le cytosine, e etsa bonnete ba nepahetseng le e nepahetseng ho intša boikatiso ea DNA molek'hule ho latela molao-motheo oa complementarity le e mong oa ka tiasa yona lona ikhara.

Jwalo boitsebiso hlakileng ea sebopeho sa ea limolek'hule thusitse ho utloisisa seo le DNA - sebopeho e bolokang e khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso ke motheong oa lefutso ka phelang tsohle tse phelang, ho akarelletsa le eukaryotes le ba bang ba likokoana-hloko.

The khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso e bolokwa ka nucleotide tatelano itseng. Kahoo, e mong le e protheine amino acid e khouthollotsweng ke nucleotides tharo le asiti tatelano ke phatsa ea lefutso.

Haeba liphetoho leha e le hlaha ka sebōpeho sa DNA ntlha phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso kapa phatsa ea lefutso. Point mutational liphetoho ka sebopeho sa limolek'hule tse loantša, e ke ho le bonolo ho lemoha ke and analysis skeletal kapa hybridological. Gene liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho etsahala'ng ha fetola interleaving nucleotides, e leng ka lebaka la dithulaganyo tse kang ho fetoha, transversions, kenyeletswa kapa ho lahleheloa ke lipara motho botlaaseng, eo e khahlanong le ea ka tšebetso le thepa ea DNA.

Ha liphetoho tsena mehaho lebisa ho khopama ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa polypeptide ka phelang ho na le ditlolo ka botebo, e leng beha ha feela ho tlōla ntshetsopele tsa lintho tse phelang, empa hape timetso ea bona. Ka mohlala, liphetoho tse bang teng ka etsahala esita le nakong ntshetsopeleng fetal, a etsa hore tsoalo ea bana ba shoeleng kapa batho bao e seng ee solofetsang. Ho phaella moo, ditlolo joalo li ka pelo ea ka likoli tse ngata tsoalo e ka fetisoa ho meloko e tlang.

Ho akaretsa, e ka etsa qeto ea e le ho DNA e - e le sebopeho ea bohlokoa haholo oa boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso, e leng karolo e ka sehloohong ea chromosomes. Ho phaella moo, DNA - acid e, e leng ke le boikarabelo ba ho sebedisa tlhahisoleseding liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho ea ka tšebetso ea lintho tse phelang.