The thepa ea electrolyte. Matla le ba fokolang electrolyte. Electrolyte - ke eng?

Babatsehang conductors motlakase - khauta, koporo, tšepe, aluminium, lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Hammoho le bona, ho na le sehlopha se seholo sa thepa bao e seng metallic, qhibiliha le tharollo ea metsi eo hape rua conductivity thepa. makalana ena e matla, acid, ba bang ba letsoai, mmoho a bua ka e le "electrolyte". ke eng conductivity ionic? A re ke re bone hore na ba na le electrolyte ntho ho ba tloaelehileng.

Eo likaroloana etsa liqoso?

Lefatšeng ka bophara le tletse conductors fapaneng le insulators. Tsena thepa ea 'mele le lintho tse tsebahalang ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo. Segerike setsebi sa lipalo Thales ne boiphihlelo le 'mala o mosehla (ka Segerike - "elektrone"). Hohla e ka silika, bo-rasaense ba 'nile ba hlokomela lipono tse makatsang tsa matla a khoheli moriri, boea bo likhoele. Hamorao e ile ea tsejoa e 'mala o mosehla ke kobo e. Ka taba ena ha ho na likaroloana hore ne a ka phetha e qoso motlakase. Good conductors - tšepe. Ka sebopeho sa ba bona liathomo hlahisa, ions ntle 'me ntle ho tefo, infinitesimal likaroloana mpe - dieleketerone. Ba fana ka liqoso phetiso ha jwale e fetile. electrolyte matla foromo omileng se na le likaroloana tsa mahala. Empa ha dissolving le qhibiliha ka lekhoakhoa kristale e timetsoa le karohanyo covalent tlamo e.

Metsi, batho bao e seng electrolyte le electrolyte. shoa hoa ke eng?

Lefa kapa attaching dieleketerone, le liathomo tsa metallic le nonmetallic likarolo li fetoloa ions. Pakeng tsa bona ka lekhoakhoa kristale ho na le haholo mokhatlo matla. Ho shoa hoa kapa qhibiliha tsa metsoako ionic, mohlala, sodium chloride, isang timetsong lona. Ho hang ha limolek'hule Polar amanang kapa ions free, ba hlaha ho tswa ho sebelisana ka metsi. Ka 30-ogy tsa lekholong la lilemo la XIX, Michael Faraday fumana hore ditharollo tsa ba bang dintho tsamaisa motlakase. Le rasaense ea kenyelletsoa ka saense e bopa dikgopolo tsa bohlokoa joalo:

• ions (qosoa likaroloana);
• electrolyte (bobeli mofuta conductors);
• cathode;
• anode.

Ho na le maqhama '- electrolyte matla, bonaletsang lekhoakhoa leo timetsoa ka ho feletseng le ho lokolloa ha ions.

Ho na le thepa e insoluble le ba hore li boloketsoe ka mokgwa ea limolek'hule, mohlala, tsoekere, formaldehyde. metsoako joalo ba bitsoa batho bao e seng electrolyte. Bakeng sa bona, tšoauoa ka sebopeho sa likaroloana qosoa. electrolyte fokolang (acid e k'habone le asiti acetic, hydroxide ammonium le lintho tse ling) ba le ions hanyane.

Khopolo ea ho dissociation electrolytic

Ka mesebetsi ea hae, ka Seswedishe rasaense S. Arrhenius (1859-1927) e ne e thehiloe liqeto Faraday e. Ka ho eketsehileng hlakisa boemo ba khopolo ea hae ea bafuputsi ba Russia I. heel le B. Kistyakovsky. Ba ile ba fumana hore ho shoa hoa 'me qhibiliha foromo ions se ke tsohle dintho le electrolyte feela. ke dissociation tsa S. Arrhenius eng? Ena ke timetso ea limolek'hule, e leng fana ka phahama ho likaroloana ho qosoa ka ditharollo le qhibiliha. Ka sehloohong mogopolofela boemo ba S. Arrhenius:

1. Makalana, acid le matsoai ka tharollo ke ka foromo dissociated.
2. Reversibly dissociate ka electrolyte ions matla.
3. Fokolang foromo nyane ions.

E pontshi tekanyo ea ho dissociation moemeli (tseo hangata hlalosoa e le karolo ea) e karo-karolelano ea palo ea limolek'hule ka ions tsekolohile, le palo ea likaroloana tse tharollo. Electrolyte tse matla, ha e le boleng ba paramethara ena ba fetang 30%, ho fokolang - tlase ho 3%.

The thepa ea electrolyte

Liqeto mogopolofela S. Arrhenius go tlaleletswa le lithuto tse ngata tsa morao tjena tsa dithulaganyo meleng le lik'hemik'hale ka ditharollo le qhibiliha, a khanna ke bo-rasaense ba Russia. O ile a fumana tlhaloso e thepa ea makalana le acid. Tsa pele kenyeletsa metsoako feela tšepe ions e ka lemoha ka ditharollo tsa cations, anions ke likaroloana OH ^-. Limolek'hule acid oela mpe ions acid e masalla le hydrogen protons (H ^+). Motsamao oa ions ka tharollo 'me qhibiliha - pherekano motseng. Nahana ka liphello tsa teko ka eo u lokela ho bokella ketane e kenyeletsa li-electrode k'habone le lefe kapa khanya tleloubu. Netefatsa conductivity ea ditharollo tsa dintho fapaneng: sodium chloride, tsoekere le asiti acetic (pele tse peli - electrolyte). ke eng e mong oa potoloho ea motlakase? Mohloli ona hona joale le conductors ya kokangana. Ha koaloa oa potoloho tleloubu tla chesa khanyang ka letsoai. Motsamao oa ions fumanang ho hlophiseha. Anions ba tsamaisoa ho eleketrode ntle 'me cations - ho negative.

Ka mokhoa ona, acid e acetic ho akarelletsa e nyenyane ea likaroloana qosoa. Tsoekere ha se electrolyte ha tsamaisa jwale. Pakeng tsa li-electrode ho tharollo ena e tla ba e sireletsang serameng lera, leseli ke ke khantša.

sebelisana lik'hemik'hale pakeng electrolyte

Ha draining maro a ka boloka boitšoaro ba electrolyte. ke ionic ditekanyo a itšoare joalo ke efe? Nahana ka mohlala oa sebelisana k'hemik'hale pakeng tsa barium chloride le nitrate sodium:

2NaNO ₃ + BaCl ₂ + = 2NaCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2.}

Electrolyte moralo ka ngotsweng ka foromo ionic:

^{2Na + + 2NO 3- + Ba 2+} + 2Cl - = 2Na + + 2Cl - + Ba 2+ + 2NO 3-.

Nkiloeng itsoara joang ka ntho - electrolyte matla. Tabeng ena, ho hlophisoa ha ions e ha a fetohe. sebelisana lik'hemik'hale pakeng ditharollo electrolyte khoneha maemong a mararo:

1. Ha sehlahisoa sa e insoluble ntho.

Limolek'hule abel: Na ₂ SO ₄ + BaCl ₂ = BaSO ₄ + 2NaCl.

Re ngola ka bophara electrolyte ka mokgwa wa ions:

2Na ^{+ +} SO ₄ ²⁺ Ba ²⁺ + 2Cl ^- = BaSO _{4 (tšoeu precipitate)} ⁺ 2Na + 2Cl ^-.

2. E 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa fella - khase.

3. Har'a lihlahisoa ba itšoara joang ke electrolyte fokola.

Metsi - e mong oa electrolyte fokolang ho fetisisa

Lik'hemik'hale bo hloekileng metsi (distilled) ha e tsamaisa e jwale motlakase. Empa sebopeho lona ba le palo e fokolang ea likaroloana qosoa. Sena protons H ⁺ anions le OH ^-. Dissociation undergoes e hlokomolohuoang nomoro ea limolek'hule metsi. boleng na - ionic sehlahisoa sa metsi e ka nako eohle ke 25 ° C. E lumella hore o tseba tsa mahloriso tsa H ⁺ le OH ^-. ions hydrogen hlaheletseng ka ditharollo acid e, anions hydroxide eketsehileng ka alkalis. Ka ho se nke lehlakore - ka tsela e lekanang tsa H ⁺ le OH ^-. The mahareng hape ba tsebahala ka boleng ditharollo ph (ph). A phahameng e le, e ions hydroxide ho feta hona joale. Mahareng ke ho se nke lehlakore ka mefuta e fapaneng ph haufi 6,7. Ka ho ba teng ha H ⁺ le OH ^- fetola 'mala-pontshi bona dintho: litmus, phenolphthalein, methylene lamunu le ba bang.

The thepa ea ditharollo le qhibiliha ea electrolyte ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa indastering, boenjiniere le, temo le meriana. sepelago saense beha ka palo ea bo-rasaense ba hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa ea ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba likaroloana a lona a akarelletsa ho letsoai, acid le makalana. ditharollo tsena li etsahala multiple Ion phapanyetsano itšoara joang. Ba li sebelisoa ngata liindasteri dithulaganyo, electrochemistry, electroplating. Dithulaganyo ka libōpuoa tse phelang tse e boetse e ba teng pakeng tsa ions ka tharollo. lirafshoa tse ngata le nonmetals, nang le chefo e ka sebōpeho sa liathomo le limolek'hule, bohlokoa haholo e ka mokgwa wa likaroloana qosoa (sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, phosphorus le ba bang).