Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, thepa lik'hemik'hale le kopo

Alkenes - hydrocarbons unsaturated eo limolek'hule tsa pakeng tsa liathomo k'habone mabeli, le leng habeli tlamo e. Ba hangata li bitsoa hydrocarbons ethylene letoto la lihlooho, hobane ke e bonolo moemeli ethylene NC2 = CH2. olefins ka linako tse ling hydrocarbons tsena li bitsoa ka alkenes gaseous itšoara ka bromine kapa chloride ho theha metsoako mafura tse sa qhibilihang ka har'a metsi. Lentsoe "alkenes" IUPAC nomenclature le tsoa lentsoe "alkanes", moo -e leng suffix e nkeloa sebaka ke suffix -ene ka eona e bontšang ho ba teng ka molek'hule ea boleng ba sebele ba tlamahano habeli.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes: sebopeho

alkenes All nkoa derivatives ea ethylene kapa ethene - C2H4.

The ethylene molek'hule e na le liathomo k'habone tse peli le liathomo hydrogen tse 'nè, unsaturated k'habone liathomo. E mong le e tsa k'habone unsaturated athomo hybridizes Es mong le tse peli tse Pi-orbitals, le mesaletsa Pi mong orbital ka "mofuta o hloekileng ', e le hore e fana ka hole palo e kahodimodimo ea orbitals hybridized elektronike. lilepe tsa bona theha 120 °. Sena se etsa maemo homolog bakeng sa lepelela tsa orbitals elektrone. Tharo joalo orbitals tsa liathomo k'habone ho theha tharo Sigma litlamo (tse peli C-H, C-C a). Ka lebaka leo, ethylene molek'hule o litlamo Sigma tse hlano tse localized ka sefofane e tšoanang, eaba ba etsa pakeng tsa bona le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le ya 120 °. P-dieleketerone tse setseng ka "hloekileng" theha maqhama ana a seng pakeng tsa liathomo tse peli k'habone. O ile a hlalosa ea elektronike sebōpeho sa ethylene limolek'hule tloaelehileng alkenes. hydrocarbons Unsaturated li lokela ho nkoa e le derivatives ea ethylene.

Bakeng sa alkene tšoauoa ka mefuta ea 2 ea isomerism - thutatekanyo le mehaho.

isomers mehaho ea alkenes qala ka butene C4H8. Khetholla le variants lona - ketane isomerism (kapa k'habone masapo) le isomers bewa ga tlamo habeli ka potoloho e joalo.

Thutatekanyo isomerism ka lebaka la ho placement lekane ya substituents hydrogen ka molek'hule ea ethylene ka ho tshwana le sefofane sa tlamo e habeli. hydrocarbons Unsaturated ke cis- le ranole-isomers.

Alkenes profinseng mahala ke ka seoelo haholo linthong tsa tlhaho. Ba ne ba tsa maiketsetso sebelisa indasteri le laboratori ea dithulaganyo.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea hydrocarbons: alkenes

Ba a bakoa ke tlamo e habeli pakeng tsa liathomo tse peli k'habone ka molek'hule ea alkene e.

The hydrogenation karabelong

Alkenes itšoara joang hang-hang ikamahanya tsa hydrogen. E hlaha ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha kapa le futhumatsang:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

ikopanya halides

The tsoela itšoara joang ke ea Markovnikov a busa, i.e. ke itšoara ka sulphonate hydrogen le sa karolelano limolek'hule alkenes hydrogen e eketsa ka sebaka sa ho diriswa ba tlamahano habeli ka go tlhaolega ho carbon athomo haufi le eo ho na le ho feta liathomo hydrogen, e halogen athomo - ho carbon athomo haufi le eo ka tlase liathomo hydrogen kapa ka ho feletseng ha ba e-ba teng:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Tshebediso ya hydrocarbons

Ethene - khase qhalana hantle ka joala le hampe qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi, ho phatloha.

Ba ruileng le likhase ho petsoha (ho fihlela ho 20% ya palo yohle boima) le Coke khase setofo (hoo e ka bang 5%). Ka mekhoa ea laboratori ea la dehydration ba ethylene lokisetsa dehydrogenation tsa hlahisoang moo ethane le ethanol. Sebelisoa ho fumana ethylene ethyl joala, vinyl chloride, ethylbenzyl, nhua polyethylene, antifreeze mahlahana (dintho tseo fokotsa leqhoa ntlha ya metsi ka dienjini) le tse ling tse dintho tse phelang. Ka batho le meriana ya diphoofolo, ethylene e sebelisoa e le paakanyong lithethefatsi lijalo - ho potlakisa ho ripening ea litholoana (ditamati, Lemons, 'me joaloka).

Propylene e fumana hammoho ethylene ka pyrolysis le ho petsoha ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea oli e tala feedstock. Propylene - ka karolo ea mafura a likoloi. E sebelisoa e le feedstock bakeng polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, joala isopropyl. Ka isopropanol, monohalogen acetone, ka isopropylbenzyl - monohalogen acetone le phenol. Propylene e sebelisoa e le sethethefatsi se narcotic bakeng synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, joalo-joalo