Tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea mofuta ke eng (baeloji)

Qalang ho tswa ho nako ea boholo-holo ea histori, motho o ile a leka ho phunyeletse melao-motheo ea lefatše 'me u fumane karabo ea potso ea hore na ke mofuta ea tsamaiso ea tlhaho. O ne a utloisisa - lefatše ea lumellana 'me a lokisetsa ho ea ka melao ea itseng. Nahana ka bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa saense ea lintho tse phelang tsa tsamaiso ea manyolo ka lefatše, a bōpa nakong ntshetsopele ea histori ea moloko oa batho.

Pele tsa tlhaho tlhophiso ea lintho tse phelang

Ho ile sisintsweng ke litsebi tse Segerike - ntate oa baeloji - Aristotle. Ho sebelisa mokhoa oa ho bapisa morphological le anatomical litlhaku, o ile a bōpa tlhophiso phoofolo 'me a rala motheo bakeng sa bokamoso ba laea likokoana-hloko - systematics. Karabo Aristotle e le potso ea hore na ke mofuta ea tsamaiso ea tlhaho, ho bala ka tsela e latelang: lefatše e arotsoe ka mebuso e 'meli - the tse sa pheleng le tse phelang lintho tsa tlhaho. Ea bobeli, le eena, hierarchically hahoa, ho tloha dimela liphoofolo ebe - ho monna.

View - sa mathomo taxon baeloji

Re ka tsoela pele ho fumana likarabo tsa potso e reng, se sebōpeho sa tsamaiso ea tlhaho. Thutong ea baeloji, tlhaloso ya sebōpeho sa lefatše o latelang - e etsahetse neng a laela hore kgetho ya foqohe le leng teng ka nako ea lintho tse phelang, hammoho le kabo ea bona ka ho kgatello hierarchical le amanang taxa - diyuniti tsa tlhophiso. Pele ke ponahalo e ntle. E sebeletsa e le lejoe la sekhutlo la thalo ea kajeno.

Tsamaiso Linnaean tsa lefatše manyolo

Ho ile rerileng ka 1735 ka mosebetsi tummeng "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, ho tiisa lithuto D. Ray le Buffon, ea unit trust e nka sebōpeho sa tlhophiso. Ka creationist, o ile a lumela hore mefuta e ke kamehla le sa fetoheng. Scientist e fana binary nomenclature leo le leng le phelang phelang abetsoe lebitso entsoeng ka mantsoe a mabeli, ka mohlala: .. Monna kahlolo e molemo, monna e nago le mohola, Meadow buttercup, joalo-joalo Hitherto litsebi tsa baeloji tsohle sebelisa mabitso binary tsa mefuta e, le tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea mofuta ke thuto rarahaneng likarolo bao ke kokangana, ke hore,. e. ba subsystems.

Expedient gradation tsa lefatše manyolo ile sisintsweng ke C. Linnaeus. E ne e akarelletsa mebuso: limela, liphoofolo le liminerale, eo le eena le arohaneng ka diyuniti superordinate - mefuta e, genera, ditaelo. Mohlala: 'muso dimela ba ile ba aroloa litlelase tse 24,' me ba - 116 diyuniti ka lebaka la ho sebopeho sa gametophyte le makala a ho ikatisa - le archegonium antheridium.

Tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea mofuta le tlokotsi khopolo

Phahameng French tlhaho Georges Cuvier ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo e ile kopanela ho etsa lipatlisiso le tšimong ea human anatomy bapisang le palaeontology. Linnete li fumana le tla ho dumella bo-rasaense ba ho hlalosa le ho nahana hore, hamorao, ba ne ba beha ka motheong oa khopolo ea hae, ho araba potso e reng "se mofuta wa tsamaiso ea tlhaho." E khutšoanyane karabo e tjena - kgatello e thehiloe molao-motheo oa ho gradation sebopeho nang le fapaneng sebopeho le bophelo dithulaganyo tsa lintho tse phelang.

Mesaletsa ne bopaki ba 'nete ea hore pakeng tsa mefuta e foqohe le morao-rao tsa lintho tse phelang, ho na le ha ho na liforomo mmuisi. Cuvier le balateli ba hae a etsa hore pheliso ea lihlopha kaofela le liphoofolo, tse kang seqhenqha mekholutsoane phoofolo e anyesang-joaloka, ho nkoa cyclical Geological tlokotsi eo sisinya lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, bo-rasaense ba khomarelang maikutlo a iphetola ha lintho, o ile a nyatsa thuto ea Cuvier. Qetellong, ho se tšoane pakeng tsa litsebi tsa baeloji li nyamela ho hlaha ha mesebetsi ea Charles Darwin le A. Uolessa malebana le tšimoloho ea mefuta e.

Lamarck oa ho iphetola ha lintho khopolo

French rasaense Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, pele o ile a nkhanyetsa ho iphetola ha lintho ho atamela ho bōptjoa ea tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea mofuta o ka sehloohong ha mehopolo creationism. O ile a ngola e le mosebetsi multivolume "French Flora", ntshetswa pele ka tsamaiso ya tlhophiso ea invertebrates, o ntse o sebelisoa. O ile a boela, hammoho le Treviranus, poleloana e reng "ea baeloji" o ne a sisintsweng. Bukeng ea hae ea "The Philosophy tsa ba bophelo ba liphoofolo" Lamarck se hlalosa hore na mofuta wa tsamaiso ea tlhaho, thehiloe khopolong ea hore lintho tse phelang ba le thuso le disebediswa tse ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea maemo a tikoloho.

Ka mantsoe a morao-rao tsa likokoana-hloko, le ka sehloohong khanna lebotho la ka mor'a ho iphetola ha lintho tsa tlhaho Lamarck lumela bao e seng lefa - tokafaditsweng a iponahatsa. Ho feta moo, ho ke ke Lamarck, beha motho ka sefate ho iphetola ha lintho ea litsoene, le tshebetso ya ho ntshetsopele ya tlhaho, o hlahisoa e le e complication ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa libopuoa tse phelang tse ka gradation.

Darwinism - khopolo kapa khopolo?

Khopolo tsa motheo tsa hore na ke lintho tsa tlhaho ea tsamaiso ea tlhaho, le tlhaloso ea eona e ileng ea fetoleloa ka mekhoa e fapaneng ka baeloji ka litsela tse ngata, ho ile ha fanoa ka "The Origin of Mefuta ke a Sebelisa Natural Selection" mosebetsing oa Charles Darwin. Ho tloha ka 1859 ho ile ka qala ka nako e ncha ntshetsopele ya bafo tsa tlhaho histori. Tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea mofuta e se e nkoa e le tlhophiso e itseng, ho bonahatsa ho fetola butle-butle mefuta, genera, le litlelase kaofela ba lintho tse phelang le tlas'a tšusumetso ea phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le ho khetha tsa tlhaho.

Likhopolo bontšoa ke Darwin, senola dikarolo tse peli: ea pele - thuto ea lintho tse bonahalang ho iphetola ha lintho 'me ea bobeli - thuto ea mabotho a ho khanna ba ho iphetola ha lintho. Darwin qolla liforomo tse tharo tsa ho loanela ho ba teng, e leng motheo wa kgetho tsa tlhaho: intraspecific, interspecific le ho lwantsha lintlha bohloko abiotic. Natural kgetho etsa bonnete ba ho pholosa dimela ka ho fetisisa ikamahanya le maemo a itseng ea phelang bona. Liphatseng tsa lefutso phetoho khetha khetha batho ba ileng ba ile a fumana ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng, matšoao o mocha oa ho fana ka kelello ea melemo ea ho pholoha. Classic Darwinism jwale e fana ka tsamaiso ea akaretsang maikutlo ho iphetola ha lintho ka tsoelo-pele ea liphoofolo tse hlaha.

Maiketsetso khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho

Ho ekelletsa moo liphatsa tsa lefutso lithuto tsa tšoaroa ka Bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ha feela motheo oa ho bōptjoa a maiketsetso a khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho, e leng se ileng karabo ea potso e reng, se sebōpeho sa tsamaiso ea tlhaho ka baeloji. Fanoe ea ho ena - ho se tšoane ha mefuta e e lekanyetsoa sebopeho bo thehiloeng molao-motheo oa kgatello (sehlopha se busang) fapaneng taxa: mefuta e, genera, malapa, ditaelo (kapa lihlopha), litlelase, mafapha (kapa mefuta e).

phelang efe kapa efe phelang Lefatšeng letoto la lihlooho tse tsamaisanang le tse ka holimo ho builoeng diyuniti tsohle tlhophiso, thehoa ka microevolution le macroevolution. curriculum ho hlahloba seo mofuta wa tsamaiso ea tlhaho ka baeloji. Sehlopheng 9 e nehetsoeng ho ithuta matla a ho iphetola ha lintho ho khanna - phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le ho khetha tsa tlhaho. Maiketsetso khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ho nkoa ka tsela ea baeloji 10 cl facebook., Ha liithuti li ntse a tseba bopa dikgopolo tsa e le melao ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Mokhatlo oa tsa likokoana-hloko

Ba boetse ho na le tsamaiso ea tlhaho ea tlhaho, e emetseng ka 7 maemo hierarchically tlase ea kaho Open Biosystems. A re ke re bitsa bona: ba limolek'hule, lisele, lekala, dinama tse nyenyane tse, phelang, palo ea baahi, mefuta e, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

Ho ithuta lipono tse makatsang tsa bophelo e ngoe le ngoe boemo ba e fapaneng laea likokoana-hloko. Ka mohlala, o ithuta Biochemistry limolek'hule le baeloji ea limolek'hule. Cell - thehiloeng cytology, biogeocenotic le biosphere - thalo, bapisang human anatomy, ekolotsi, joalo-joalo Ha ho mokhelo, lintho tsohle tse phelang - .. People, limela, liphoofolo, libaktheria - ka nkoa e ngoe le ngoe sethaleng, ho tswa ho limolek'hule tse etsang organelles seleng, 'me ipolaea sebopeho lefatše - biosphere. Ho etsa lipotoloho tšokoloho ea taba le matla a tsamaiso ea bulehileng likokoana-hloko.