Ethology ea liphoofolo ke eng? Hore hlahloba saense ya ethology?

ethology ke eng? Ho ea saense eo o ithuta boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. E le hore ho ithuta mofuta o itseng ke ke ho hlokahala hore ba boloke ba tikolohong ea bona ea tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, ho ithuta melao-motheo e ka sehloohong ea boitšoaro ba ho lemohiloeng, ka linako tse ling lokela kantle ho kenella. Ethology thusa hlalosa ditshebeditsano rarahaneng pakeng tsa tlhaho khouthollotsweng boitšoaro ba tlhaho le tikoloho.

Tšimoloho ea ethology ka saense e sa

Qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, boitšoaro bo phoofolo e se e ile a ithuta haholo-holo ke mokhoa oa ho etsa liteko laboratoring. Mokhoa ona o bonahetseng se entse hore ho tse sibolotsoeng tse ngata haholo tse kang molao oa sebetsa mme behaviorism. Ethology fetohile ba hlompheha le taeo ea lilemo tse mashome a seng makae hamorao, ha behaviorists European (ethologists) Dr. Konrad Lorenz le Niko Tinbergen o ile a fa moloko oa batho joalo tse sibolotsoeng tsa bohlokoa e le imprinting, linako tse mahlonoko tseo ho sa ntshetsopele, ho etsa hore boitšoaro, liketso mehahong e tsitsitseng, kganna boitshwaro le mohopolo oa boitšoaro displacement.

Lorenz le Tinbergen, hammoho le Fan ea boitšoaro notši Karl av Frisch ile a bolella Moputso Nobel ka 1973 bakeng sa monehelo bona ho ithuta boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. Le hoja ba bang lintlha tse qaqileng tsa likhopolo tsa bona li ne li ile tšohloa 'me a fetola, melao-motheo e ka sehloohong ba lule ba e tšoanang. Behaviorism le ethology - tsena ke litsela tse peli tse fapaneng tsa ho ithuta boitšoaro ba liphoofolo tse; e mong e le felle haholo-holo ke liteko laboratori ea (biheviorizm) le tse ling tse e thehiloe lithuto tsa tšimo (ethology liphoofolo tse). Diphetho tsa lithuto tsa saense bobeli re lumella ho fana ka e hlakileng haholoanyane setshwantsho tsa boitšoaro ba liphoofolo.

Tsotellehe hore na ethology, kopanela bo-rasaense ba joalo ba hlaheletseng tsa morao la bo19 la lilemo le mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, Charles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg le ba bang. Behaviorism - nako e boetse e hlalosa ho ithuta saense le sepheo sa boitšoaro ba liphoofolo, empa hangata le bolela ho ithuta le lokisitsoeng ke itšoare ka boitšoaro ka maemo laboratori ea le le kgatello hanyane ka ho ikamahanya le maemo ho iphetola ha lintho. naturalists bangata ba 'nile ba ithuta litšobotsi tse ling tsa boitšoaro ba phoofolo ho pholletsa le histori ea moloko oa batho.

Saense ethology

ethology ke eng? Karolwana ena ea baeloji hore o ithuta boitšoaro ba liphoofolo tse kapa batho. E le busa, ethologists shebella liphoofolo phelang bona ba tlhaho, ba ithuta boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng le maemo a neng a ama boitšoaro ba bona. Tloaelehileng boitšoaro bo - mekhoa e tloaelehileng bakeng sa ditho tsa mefuta e itseng. More rarahaneng ho feta reflex ka, ke ea mofuta ofe tlhaho lokolla mochine, butswe ho tloha kgahlamelo ya maqhubu a ho susumetsa ba bang itseng.

Kutlwisiso ya ethology le liphoofolo boitšoaro ba ka ba le karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho fana ka koetliso ea liphoofolo. Ho ithuta boitšoaro boo tlhaho ka mefuta e fapaneng kapa ntseng e tsoela pele e lumella mokoetlisi ea ho khetha baemeli ba batho ba molemo loketseng ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokahalang. E boetse e dumella mokoetlisi le hantle susumelletsa boitšoaro bo tlhaho le thibela sa lakatseheng.

Ka tloaelo ho ethologists leka ho araba lipotso tse 'nè tsa motheo tse mabapi le mefuta e meng ea boitšoaro bo:

1. ke eng se bakang le ba susumelletsa hore paterone ke ena ea boitšoaro.
2. ke eng sebopeho le mosebetsi oa phoofolo e amehang boitšoarong le.
3. Kamoo 'me ke hobane'ng fetola boitšoaro ba phoofolo le ntshetsopeleng lona.
4. Kamoo boitšoaro ba ho ama tshwanelega le tlwaetsa a phoofolo a.

Khopolo ea ethology

Ethology ea liphoofolo e le kgopolo ya go ya e le teng ho tloha 1762, ha e ne e hlalosoa ka France e le ho ithuta boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. Ka kutloisiso ena, ho na le moelelo o tšoanang le lentsoe la Segerike le "maitsholo le maitseo", ho tloha eo lentsoe lena le morao-rao le tsoa ethology. Leha ho le joalo, ntle ho thuso ea lentsoe ethology amanang le "dietiki" le lentsoe le sebelisitsoe ka lingoliloeng Anglo-Saxon e le "ea saense ea tlhaho." Mothehi oa ethology morao-rao ke ngaka le zoologist Konrad Lorenz. Ka kopo ya ba tsamaiso ea mekhoa tsa likokoana-hloko tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso, o ne a hlahloba boitšoaro ba liphoofolo.

Pele ea kajeno buka e baletsweng ka ethology, ho ithuta bohlale ba tlhaho e ile ea ngoloa ka 1951 ke Nicolaas Tinbergen. The hlokometse'ng ya palo ya oa bathehi ba ethology ka saense e sa, ho akarelletsa le Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (ka 1898), Altumy (1868) le ho Craig (1918) tsosa thahasello eo ae saense tsa boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. Ke ethology, hammoho le taba ea ho ithuta lona, re ile ra qala ho ela hloko. saense ea ena e ne e nkoa e ikemetseng lekala ea bophelo ba liphoofolo ka bo-1910. Ka sebetsana morao-rao le kutloisiso ea ethology le ho ithuta saense ea boitšoaro phoofolo, hammoho le likarolo tse itseng tsa boitšoaro ba motho. Poleloana e reng "phoofolo kelello" e ntse ka linako tse ling o ile a sebelisa, empa e le taba e potolohileng feela histori.

dikai tse sa tšoaneng tsa boitšoaro bo phoofolo: ho ithuta

Ethology ithuta boitšoaro ba phoofolo dikai fapaneng, tse ka nako eo classified le bapisoa le maitshwaro ya mefuta e meng e, haholo-holo haufi-ufi amanang le. Ho ke ke bohlokwa hore liphoofolo hlokomela e ne e le ka tikoloho bona tsa tlhaho kapa haufi-tlhaho. hlokometse'ng eketsehileng le botlamuoeng ba boetse ba atisa ho hlokahala.

Ha a ntse a ho fana ka koetliso e nkoa e bohlokoa haholo ea boitšoaro ba liphoofolo, e mong oa mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea ethology ke ho ithuta boitšoaro bo dipaterone, tlhaho bath ea litho tsohle tsa mefuta e tšoanang. Ka mor'a ho ithuta dikai tsena, u se u loketse ho nahana ka liphetoho boitšoarong bakoang ke ho koetlisoa. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hobane se seng le se seng phetoho ka sebopeho kapa ho atleha ha dipaterone, boitšoaro nakong ea bophelo ba motho ho akarelletsa ho fuoa koetliso e le mokhoa oa ho fumana phihlelo.

Mehlala ea boitšoaro phoofolo

boitšoaro ba phoofolo e akarelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ya liketso. O ka fana ka mohlala ona: ho tlou nosetsa qoaha ka pokello ea. Ke hobane'ng ha a etsa seo joang? Ena ke papali kapa pontšo ea kamohelo? Ha e le hantle fafatsa qoaha - ha se nang le botsoalle ketso. Elephant e leka feela ho boloka hōle le liqoaha pozo. Mehlala ea boitšoaro phoofolo ka etsa hore chelete e ngata ea, ho etsa mohlala, ha ntja e lutse holim'a taelo, kapa katse e leka ho tšoasa toeba. Boitšoaro ba liphoofolo tse se akarelletsa litsela tsohle tsa ho kopana le balekane ba bona le tikoloho.

Le nonofo ya mmele ea bohlale ba tlhaho 'me liphatsa tsa lefutso

Se ka 1760, Moprofesa in Hamburg Hermann Samuele Reimarus senolela lefatše khopolo ea "le nonofo ya mmele tlhaho" 'me o ile a bontša phapang pakeng tsa bokgoni ba congenital le se fumaneng. Tlhaho ea bokhoni ba, tse kang ho batla lijo kapa kutloisiso ea puo ea motjeko oa linotši ba teng ha a hlaha. E le hore ho feto-fetola ka katleho, phoofolo lokela ho ba le ka ho lahla lesedi lona ka tikoloho. Tlhahisoleseding ena ka kenyelletsoa ka chromosomes, kapa bolokoa khopolong ea, e leng se bolelang ho ka ba congenital kapa se fumaneng. Ka dipaterone, e rarahaneng ea boitšoaro, hangata e le hlaha ka sebelisana pakeng tsa likarolo tseo ka bobeli.

Batlisisoa makalana liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa boitšoaro ke ea bohlokoa karolo ethology. Ka mohlala, tšela ea mefuta e 'meli ea matata, e leng mefuta e sa tšoaneng tsa ho kena leferehong nakong ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo nako, e ka hlahisa poone e nyalisitsoeng le maitshwaro a fapaneng ka ho feletseng nakong ena, e fapaneng ho tloha motsoali, empa le teng ka boitšoaro ba ka thweng baholo-holo ba le tloaelehileng la mefuta ena. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale ha ho e hlakileng seo fisioloji bakang ba na le boikarabelo ho se tšoane tsena.

Nature e bapisiwa le bokolisa: ho iphetola ha lintho ea boitšoaro phoofolo

Ethology, ea saense ea boitšoaro liphoofolo, e le busa, e bua haholo ka boitšoaro ba ka vivo le hlahloba boitšoaro ba ka ho iphetola ha lintho-etsehang tšobotsi. Haeba boitšoaro ba phoofolo e laoloang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, ba ka iphetolele ka khetha tsa tlhaho. maitshwaro senotlolo a bakoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me ba bang kaofela - phihlelo ea bophelo tikolohong e itseng. Potso ke hore na boitšoaro e haholo-holo e laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa tikoloho, hangata ka taba ea ho ba le phehisano. mekhoa boitshwaro ba hlalosoa e le mofuta (liphatsa tsa lefutso) le thuto (tikoloho).

Ka lintja, ho etsa mohlala, le tšekamelo ea ho itšoara ka tsela e itseng mabapi le lintja tse ling, mohlomong laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso. Leha ho le joalo, boitšoaro ba ho tloaelehile e ke ke ea hlahisa tikolohong e moo ho na le ha ho na lintja tse ling. Mbwa, ea hōletseng ho itšehla thajana, e ka ba tšaba lintja tse ling kapa ho sebetsa ka mabifi hakae ho bona. Tikoloho tsa tlhaho hape hlahisa boitšoaro boo, ha ba ntse ba ka ho hlaka eketsa tšoaneleha ea liphoofolo e le hore ba ba latela. Ka mohlala, ha liphiri tsoma hammoho pakete khona ho tšoasa phofu e eketsehile haholo. Kahoo, phiri bonahala ho ka etsahala hore ba pholohe 'me u fetele ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bona ho moloko o latelang.

Lisosa tsa boitšoaro bo sa akarelletsa ho susumetsa ba bang kaofela e susumetsa boitšoaro ba, hore na Link (lijo kapa likoeteng) kapa ka hare (li-hormone kapa liphetoho tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo). Ka morero oa ho e-ba le karabelo khetheha boitšoaro e le tšusumetso e ka ho toba le boitšoaro ba phoofolo e 'ngoe, ho etsa mohlala, ho hohela molekane bakeng sa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo. Ntshetsopeleng ya boitshwaro ba amanang le liketsahalo kapa litšusumetso oo boitšoaro ba ho fetola ka nako ya bophelo ba phoofolo. Ho iphetola ha lintho ea boitšoaro e amanang le tšimoloho ea boitšoaro le kamoo ba fetola le phetoho ea meloko.