Metsoako Organic le tlhophiso bona

tlhophiso e thehiloe khopolo ea metsoako manyolo, mohaho lik'hemik'hale tsa A. M. Butlerova. Hlophisitsoeng tlhophiso - motheo oa nomenclature saense. Thanks ho eena, ho ile ha khoneha ho fana ka lebitso ho mong le e mong taba eo pele e neng e tsejoang le le lecha manyolo, ho sebedisa fumaneha mehaho moralo.

Litlelase tsa metsoako manyolo

dintho Organic ba classified ke litšobotsi tse peli tse ka sehloohong: ya selegae le le nomoro ea lihlopha tsa tshebetso ka molek'hule le carbon sebopeho ya marapo.

K'habone masapo e emela ka moiety hore ke ho lekaneng setaleng liphetoho tse sa tšoaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. metsoako Organic ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse khōlō, ha ba nahane ka ho sebopehong limolek'hule tsa taba manyolo.

metsoako Acyclic (biosoedineniya mafura kapa aliphatic komponeng). Tsena metsoako manyolo ka sebopeho sa limolek'hule kenyeletsa otlolohile kapa se makala a ketane carboxylic.

Carbocyclic komponeng - ntho le koetsoeng carboxylic liketane - lipotoloho. biosoedineniya tsena arotsoe ka lihlopha: nkhang hamonate le alicyclic.

Heterocyclic tsa tlhaho manyolo metsoako - dintho ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tseo ba le lesale thehoa tsa liathomo k'habone le liathomo tsa likarolo tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale (oksijene, naetrojene, Sebabole) heteroatoms.

Metsoako ea moleng ka mong (Sehlopha) di arotswe litlelase e fapaneng ya metsoako manyolo. Manyolo dintho bao e leng sehlopha sa ho khetheha o ikemiselitse ke ho ba teng ka molek'hule ea eona ea lihlopha tse itseng tsa tshebetso. Ka mohlala, litlelase tsa hydrocarbons (di sehlopha sa feela tsa metsoako manyolo eo haelloa lihlopha tshebetso), amines, aldehydes, phenols, acid carboxylic, ketones, alcohols, joalo-joalo

Ho fumana hore na motsoako manyolo bao e leng palo ea sehlopha sa le emit se carbon masapo kapa ketane carboxylic (mabapi acyclic), le sekgoqetsane (carbocyclic komponeng) kapa khubu (heterocyclic metsoako). Ka mor'a moo fumana ho ba teng ka molek'hule ea tse ling tse athomo lihlopha taba manyolo (tshebetso), mohlala, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy sehlopha - Sh, joalo-joalo Sehlopha mesebetsing kapa lihlopha hlalosa biosoedineniya bao e leng sehlopha sa ho khetheha, 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa la ntlha la oona. E lokela ho ile a bolela hore e mong le e sehlopha tshebetso e seng feela e khetholla thepa tsena, empa hape e ama liathomo tse ling tse kapa lihlopha athomo, liteko tsoa hong le tšusumetso bona.

Ke emeng ka limolek'hule tsa acyclic le hydrocarbons cyclic kapa heterocyclic metsoako haedrojene athomo ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa tshebetso lokisetsa metsoako manyolo eo karolo ea sehlopha sa itseng. Mona ba bang ba lihlopha tsa tshebetso hore fumana botho ba komponeng e manyolo ho sehlopha sa le itseng: hydrocarbons RH, halogenated hydrocarbons - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, alcohols le phenols R-OH, acid e carboxylic - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic acid R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic metsoako - R-Me, mercaptans R-Sh.

metsoako Organic le ka sebopeho bona limolek'hule sehlopha tshebetso, bitsoa metsoako manyolo ka mesebetsi e bonolo, tse peli kapa ho feta - metsoako le mesebetsi e tsoakiloeng. Mehlala ea metsoako manyolo ka mesebetsi e bonolo e ka 'na hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, acid carboxylic, metsoako nitro, joalo-joalo Mehlala ea metsoako le mesebetsi e tsoakiloeng ka 'na ba hydroxy, keto, joalo-joalo

Khetheha bohlokoa ke rarahaneng metsoako bioorganic: lihaha-'mele, proteid, lipids, acid nucleic, lik'habohaedreite, limolek'hule oo palo e khōlō ea lihlopha fapaneng tshebetso.