Hloekisa: mekhoa ea motheo

Petroleum le likhase tlhaho, tsena le liminerale ikhethang, ke mehloli e ka sehloohong ea hydrocarbons. Jese litheohelang oli - motsoako rarahaneng ea hydrocarbons le metsoako e meng. diphetho hloekisoa ka lihlahisoa tse ebe sebelisoa tsohle mafapha ea indasteri, matla, temo hammoho le malapa.

The oli jese litheohelang e arohane ka dikarolo ke distillation e bonolo palophatlo le lephaka. Sebopeho sa dikotwana fumana itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa ha oli jese litheohelang pele.

Hloekisa le fetisa mekhahlelo 'maloa: palophatlo distillation, ho sokolla, ho petsoha le kalafo sebabole.

Palophatlo distillation ke pele sebetsa mohato, e arola hore e be dikotwana, khase, leseli le, mahareng le oli e boima. Kahoo, ho e lokisa e ka sehloohong ea oli lumella ho hang-hang hlwaya dikotwana ho fetisisa tsa bohlokoa.

• The khase karoloana e bonolo hydrocarbons unbranched: butane, Propane le hlahisoang moo ethane.
• Peterole kapa khanya karoloana - motsoako oa hydrocarbons tse fapa-fapaneng khanya, ho akarelletsa le alkanes se makala le unbranched.
• oli mafura setseng ka mor'a distillation tsa dikotwana tse ling tsohle le bobebe.

ntlafatso Ho ekelletsa moo se etsoa ke ho petsoha. Ka tsela eo ho na le ke ho petsoha oli jese litheohelang macromolecular metsoako ka tse nyenyane, e ka tlaase e belang e le likaroloana tse tloaelehileng. Sena ke e mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho sebetsa ho etsa hore ho ka khoneha ho fumana ya palo tlatsetso ya dikotwana tlase a phehile oli e tala, ho hlokahala hore e, haholo-holo ka peterole, e ikhethang phahameng.

• indasteri e sebedisa mefuta e 'maloa ea ho petsoha: catalytic, mogote le ho sokolla. Ka petsoha mogote ea metsoako e phahameng ea limolek'hule boima ba dikotwana boima oli li robehileng theoha ka boima ba 'mele tlaase limolek'hule tlas'a thempereichara e phahameng. Ho hloekisoa ke bobeli petsoha mogote le catalytic e fana ka motsoako oa hydrocarbons unsaturated le ba phelelang. Ka Mohlala octadecane ho petsoha thulaganyou e ka hlalosoang ke moralo wa:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Ha thempereichara e ho fihlela ho 1000 ° C etsa hore li bole kapele 'mogote ea oli e phahameng-ea limolek'hule, ka tsela eo hlahisa alkenes haholo leseli le hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate.

• Catalytic petsoha etsahala ka thempereichara e batlang e le tlaase, moo e sethothetsi ke motsoako oa ea alumina le silica. Hape tabeng ena motsoako oa hydrocarbons phelelang le unsaturated. Hloekisa mokhoa ona e sebelisoa ho hlahisa boleng bo phahameng peterole.
• Ho sokolla liphetoho sebōpeho sa limolek'hule le kopanya a ba kenya maholoanyane. Nakong ea tlaase boleng bo tlaase limolek'hule boima dikotwana oli li fetohe, ka ho khetheha bo phahameng sehlopheng peterole karoloana.

Tlhaho le amanang likhase - motsoako oa methane e (90% ka bophahamo ba modumo) le homologues lona e haufi-ufi, hammoho le tse nyenyane tsa litšila.

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa ho khase sebetsa - leng ho eona fetola hydrocarbons ba phelelang ho unsaturated, e leng se ka hamorao ka sebelisoa ka tswakana lik'hemik'hale.

Kahoo, oli le khase e lokisa nolofalletsa e mengata e fapaneng kgolo haholo ya lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng oli, tseo ka lebaka la lik'hemik'hale tswakana fellang kateng le tse fapa-fapaneng le leholo la lintho tse tse sebelisoang ka ho mefuta e fapaneng ya a mesebetsi.