Bohareng ba bo-leoatle maporogo. Tectonic sebopeho bohare orilla

Sebopeho le ho iphetola ha lintho ea karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše e laolwang ke ntshetsopeleng se feela empa e boetse e le tšimoloho ea sebopeho sa naha kakaretso oa mokatong leoatleng. lihlopha tse peli li khetholloa mona: oceanic sehlabeng ka lipono tse makatsang tsa mmuisi mofuta sebōpeho sa karolong e ka holimo le le orilla bohare le lithoteng abyssal le liforo.

leka ho go arologana

Bakeng sa generalization tsa lesedi mabapi le ka moo sebopeho sa leoatle mokatong o le mong feela lipolanete tsamaiso e khopo e kentsweng. maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatle ba sebakeng hoo e ka bang bohareng ba ka sehloohong libaka oceanic, arola ba kenya likarolo lekanang. Ho na le boiteko ba 'maloa ka tlhophiso. Menard, mohlala, distinguishes ba ka mokgwa o latelang:

• lohle maporogo ka tlas'a metsi le lebisitsoeng seismicity (mohlala East Pacific.);
• Ka tlas'a metsi maporogo moqotetsane le matsoapo a moepa 'me mosebetsi litšisinyeho tsa lefatše (mohlala bohareng ba bo-Atlantic Ridge.);
• moqotetsane le moepa, empa ke se na litšisinyeho tsa lefatše mosebetsi metsing maporogo (mohlala. Bohareng ba bo-Pacific le Tuamotu).

Ho latela GB Udintsevu, maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatle na analogues ka naha. D. G. Panov go baya ka ditlhopha maporogo ka tlas'a metsi ka Leoatleng la Pacific ho likhutlong tsa sethaleng - ka hare le kantle - le sa tšoareng le bona e le analogues ya platforms kontinenteng. Leha ho le joalo, le bohare orilla tectonic sebopeho ke ke classified e le ritsa tsa lefatše. Haholo phahameng molumo oa tectonic lichifi le grandly fetang e batlang e kontinenteng - fatše dibopeho.

sebopeho

E mong oa mefuta e atileng ka ho fetisisa tsa lihlopha lefika ka maoatleng - shafts leoatleng. Ho fetisisa ho tsohle, bona ke Leoatle la Pacific. Ho na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse peli:

• uplifts anticlinal thaepa le majoe ho fetisisa ea boholo-holo ka liboto le;
• oceanic etsahalang shafts ea dikhouno ha seretse se chesang, ho kenyelletswa le tsena tse foqohang seretse foqohe (Guyot).

sebopeho nako

Bohareng-Age mefuta e fapaneng e laolwang ke sebōpeho sa karolong e ka holimo ea - kontinenteng kapa oceanic eona. U ka bona libakeng tse ngata mabapi le mehaho e Alpine, ka matla a peperana le ho teba theolela ka leoatleng. Ka mohlala, sebaka se haufi le leoatle ka Fiji.

Bohareng ba bo-leoatle maporogo anticlinal - matsoapong bonolo, 'me ba bang ke ka seoelo haholo ka tlas'a metsi foqoha seretse se chesang - hoo e ka bang dismembered. Ena ke ntho e neng e sa tsoa thehoa e ne e, 'me ho bonolo mefuta deformation ea leoatle mokatong ka mokgwa wa arohana ha platforms le matla haholo litšisinyeho tsa lefatše le ho foqoha ha seretse. Joalokaha u tseba, ho tsohle qala nakong ea Cenozoic Quaternary. thuto Anticlinal - bohareng ba bo-leoatle maporogo - di thehoa le hōle 'me hona joale.

Mofuta oa bobeli oa lihlopha lefika ka maoatleng - lifate leoatle - ba ho feta ka bophahamo le bolelele. Linearly elongate ho phahamisa le matsoapong a bataletseng ba le e le nyenyane haholo botenya ba cortex ea. Ena sebopeho e 'nile a mangata lilemong tsa bo-leoatle maporogo. Mehlala: South Pacific, East Pacific le ba bang.

Ena ke sebopeho ho feta boholo-holo, foqoha seretse se chesang ho ile ha thehoa ho tsona nakong e phahameng, 'me hamorao ho ba seamount tsoela pele. Arohana ha liphoso tebileng e phetiloe ka makhetlo a mangata.

Sebopeho sa orilla bohareng ba bo-leoatle

Ocean maporogo libakeng la fragmentation - ke sebaka thata ka ho fetisisa. The sharpest karohano sebopeho e fumanoa libakeng tseo ho tsona foromo ya maporogo bohareng ba bo-a leoatle, tse kang la Atlantic le maoatleng Indian, Pacific Boroa, ho Southern Ocean tloha libaka le African pakeng tsa Australia le Antarctica.

Ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ngata e khethollang ea mofuta ona wa sebopeho - grabens (liphula tebileng), flanking letoto la (km ho fihlela ho tse tharo) litlhōrō phahameng, fapanyetsana ho panya ha leihlo lelele dikhouno ha seretse se chesang. A batla a joaloka sebapali Alpine oa mohaho, empa e bapisa ho feta dismemberment lebisitsoeng ho feta ka sebopeho kontinenteng ya mabanta lithaba.

Ho ba sieo ha le se mahareng (le palophatlo) dia, e nang le orilla bohare le matsoapo eohle ea eona, re ka bua ka lipontšo tsa sebopeho tsa morao tjena tsa liphallelo e. Joale e ntan'o ba ka tlase ea letsoapong tsena joale Terraced a bataletseng holim'a ka mehato, ba arohile e mong le tse ling. Ena e kileng ea mohato liphoso. Haholo-holo - Rift Valley, e arola le bohare orilla halofo.

Kamoo fetela le lipolanete oceanic fracture tse laolwang ke libaka le fracture. Sena ke ka ho fetisisa bitsa foromo ea pontšo ea ritsa ka leoto ho qetela ea e kholo nako Geological. Tectonic sebopeho bohare orilla ka 'na ba e fapaneng. Mohlala, Kamchatka - sebakeng dithulaganyo a sebetsang a tectonic, volcanism ho na le mehleng ea kajeno 'me kamehla. Okhotsk le literata lithospheric lipoleiti sebetswa oceanic karolong e ka holimo eaba ba etsa kontinenteng le orilla bohare ba Kamchatka - ntho e go baya leitlho e tsoelang pele ea tshebetso.

sebaka

lipoleiti Lithospheric ba tshisinyo le pushing (thoeng divirgentsii) sokoloha karolong e ka holimo ba bona ba oceanic. Bethe ea maoatle e hlaha, eaba ba etsa lilemong tsa bo-leoatle maporogo. Li 'nile tsa classified e mashome a mahlano ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli tsamaisong ea lefatše le ho kenya letsoho mesebetsi e amanang le Soviet Union.

Bohareng ba bo-leoatle maporogo e na le e leng kakaretso bolelele ba fetang mashome a tšeletseng likete tse km. U ka qala ka hore ho Gakkel Ridge Leoatleng la Arctic - tloha Leoatleng Laptev ho Spitsbergen. Ebe tswelapele ntle tšitiso hae moleng ho ea ka boroa. Ho na le, bohareng ba bo-Atlantic Ridge otlolla Bouvet Island.

Next sesupi sa isang le bophirimela - ke American-Antarctic Ridge, 'me ka bochabela - ka ya African-Antarctic, ho tsoela pele ka boroa-ka bophirimela Leoatle la Indian. Mona hape, hararo mateano - Arabia-Indian Ridge e lokela ho ba meridian, le Boroa-bochabela Leoatle la Indian extending ho Australasian Antarctic.

Sena ha se qetellong ea mola e. Ho tswela pele ha Pacific Boroa Ema, phethola ka Bochabela Pacific Ema, eo tsoela ho ea ka leboea, ho California, ka San Andreas molato. Sena se lateloa ke e bohareng orilla Juan de Fuca - ho Canada.

Belted polanete ea ho feta hang, moleng beha sesupi, bontša ka ho hlaka moo mokgwa wa maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatleng. Ba libakeng tsohle.

tlisang liphallelo

maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatle li thehoa Lefatšeng ka sefaha seqhenqha le km halofo sekete ka bophara, bophahamo ba libeisine ke fetang 'me tse tharo,' me km bane. Ka linako tse ling vreshiny protrude ho tswa ho bolibeng ba leoatle, eaba ba etsa lihlekehleke, hangata ha seretse se chesang.

Esita le Crest tsa orilla ka fihlang ka bophara ea e mong le makholo a km. botle bo khethehileng ba ho fana ka sehlōhō ruggedness tsa naha le sebopeho haholo nyenyane-ea le literata. Hammoho le orilla selekane fetela le ka kakaretso Rift Valley km mashome a mararo ka bophara le karohano axial (a mane a metso e mehlano-kilometer dari lohle slit bophahamo ke tse ngata tse makholo limithara tse).

Ka tlase ya karohano joale foqoha seretse se chesang sa le monyenyane, a pota-potiloe hydrotherms - chesang liliba hore secrete tšepe sulfides (silevera, loto, cadmium, tšepe, koporo, zinki). Ho na le kamehla litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tse nyenyane.

Tlas'a rifts axial seretse se chesang likamore tse amanang kilometer dari, e le hore ke ka ho lekaneng e moqotetsane temana le ho foqoha ha bohareng ka tlase ya slit ena. Letsoho ranges haholo bophara Crest - tse makholo 'me ba makholo ba km. Di koahetsoeng ka le dikarolo tsa mobung seretse se chesang.

Sa likarolong tsohle tsa tsamaiso ea li tšoana: ba bang ba maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatleng e bophara le flatter, ho ena le Rift Valley ho ba le boqapi ba ea karolong e ka holimo oceanic. Ka mohlala, e ka Bochabela Pacific Tsohang 'me le Pacific Boroa le ba bang.

Mong le e mong orilla medial dissected hammoho fetola (khr, ho parola) liphoso libakeng tse ngata. Bakeng sa liphoso tsa tsena, orilla selekane ile a khaotsa ka ho ya hole ba makholo ba km. libakeng tse tšela ba lerootho ka senoelong e, ke hore,, depressions, tse ling tsa tsona dostinayut ho km robeli ka botebo.

The nako e telele tlas'a metsi ketane lithaba

The nako e telele tsa orilla bohareng ba bo-leoatle e teng ka tlase ea Leoatleng la Atlantic. O bolella ba Amerika Leboea le Eurasian lipoleiti tectonic. Ho hlokahala hore motho e bohareng ba bo-Atlantic Ridge 18 000 km. karolo ena ea tsamaiso ea maporogo oceanic ka km le mashome a mane a likete.

Ho na le bohare orilla ea Atlantic ho ea ka palo hanyenyane nyenyane: Knipovich maporogo le Mona, Iceland-Yanmayetsky le Reykjanes, hammoho le e kholo haholo - ka ba bolelele ba km fetang likete tse robeli tsa North Atlantic Ridge le leshome le km halofo likete - Afrika Atlantic.

Mona lithabeng tse joalo phahameng hore thehoa ketane lihlekehleke: ke ke Azores le Bermuda, 'me esita le Iceland, Saint Helena, sehlekehlekeng sa nyolohela, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan da Cunha,' me batho ba bangata ba tse nyenyane.

dipalelo Geological re orilla bohareng thehoa ka nako Triassic. fractures ho parola ba mahae a selekane ho km tšeletseng. Tlhōrōng ea orilla rarahaneng na le basalts tholeiitic, le tlase - e amphibolites le ophiolites.

Global oona tsamaisong boemo

Sebopeho ho fetisisa ea neng a hlaheletse ka leoatleng - otlolle bakeng km mashome a tšeletseng tse sekete tsa maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatleng. Ba ne ba arotsoe ka tse peli tse dihalofo hoo e ka bang lekanang Leoatle la Atlantic le Indian - ka likarolo tse tharo. Ka Pacific middleness habobebe pumped tsoha: sefaha maporogo fallela ho fihlela lehlakoreng, ho Amerika Boroa le ntan'o ba ho ba mochophoro pakeng lik'honthinenteng ho balehela tlasa naha ea Amerika Leboea.

Esita le ka e nyenyane ea Arctic Ocean na le Gakkel Ridge, e bonoa ka ho hlaka sebopeho tectonic tsa orilla bohareng ba bo-a leoatle, a ke lekanang le a ho hōlisa bohareng ba bo-leoatleng.

Huge ruruha ea mokatong leoatle - ba meeli ea lipoleiti lithospheric. The Earth e holim'a metsi e koahetsoeng ka lipoleiti tsa tsena lipoleiti, eo ka etsa'ng ha lezhitsya hang-hang: ba ke tsa kamehla kgasa ka mong ho e mong, ho pshatla ka metshetshe lokollela seretse se chesang 'me thepa ea mohaho ka thuso ea hae e ncha,' mele. Ka mohlala, batho ba Amerika Leboea Plate koahetsoeng ka bohale lona baahelani ba babeli, eaba ba etsa maporogo Strait tsa Juan de Fuca le Gorda. Atolosa, lithospheric poleiti hangata infringes holim 'a le ananelang naheng ea lipoleiti tsa leshano ho pota. Lik'honthinenteng hape le bothata ba ho e ka ho fetisisa. Ba ka papali ena shebahala joang maporogo: a k'honthinente hang oceanic karolong e ka holimo, ho phahamisa ho eena, sithabetsa le loebehlanang.

karohano

Tlas'a setsi sa karolo ka 'ngoe ranges melapo ea phahama seretse se chesang, metsotso karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše ka ho tlōla metshetshe lona. Aa tšela ka tlaase, le seretse se chesang pholisa, eketsa fapaneng boima. Ebe eteni mocha oa seaparo sa ka holimo qhibiliha khefu le timetsa motheo e ncha, 'me sohle se ka makhetlo-khetlo. Kahoo, ka leoatleng e eketseha karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa ho hasana.

Tekanyo ea ho jala (sebopeho sa le mokatong oa leoatle) e iphumanela ho mekoloko liphetoho ponahalo ea ho tloha karolong e 'ngoe ho' ngoe. 'Me e ke ka ho haha e tšoanang. Moo a fapaneng lebelo mengata e fapaneng ka utloa ho re kokololo ho boela fetola ka ho feletseng.

Moo sekhahla ho jala e tlaase (mohlala. Rift Tajura) thehoa e khōlō sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie liphula le foqoha seretse se chesang a sebetsang a ka tlaase. Ba ikakhela ka tlase ho Crest ka bang a mane limithara tse, moo ho nang le ho ts'ehetsana butle-butle ke mehato Terraced ka lekholo - tse lekholo le mashome a mahlano limithara tse ka seng. karohano ena e ka Leoatleng le Lefubelu, 'me likarolong tse ngata tsa lilemong tsa bo-Atlantic Ridge. Joalo le lithabeng oceanic hōla butle-butle, emetse disentimitara 'maloa ka selemo.

Ka phahameng lebelo jala mekoloko (haholo-holo-karolo leketla sefapanong) ke tse latelang: bohareng ts'ehetsana halofo kilometer dari le ka holimo ea liphallelo ka sehloohong khabisitsoeng ha seretse se chesang ketane. Joalo, ho etsa mohlala, e ka Bochabela Pacific Ema. Mona phula ha ba na nako ea ho theha le tekanyo ea keketseho ea karolo e ka holimo ea lefatše ka leoatleng e phahameng haholo - 18-20 di emetse disentimitara ka selemo. Ka tsela eo ho ka etsahala ho fumana hore na le lilemo li le bohare orilla.

A ketsahalo buka e ikhethang - "ba batsho batho ba tsubang"

Tectonic sebopeho bohare orilla lumelloa ho hlaha thahasellisang ketsahalo tlhaho tse kang "ba batsho tsubang". Hot seretse se chesang se heats metsi a leoatle ho likhato tse makholo a mararo a mashome a mahlano. Metsi ba tsoileng ho palama seketsoana, haeba ho na le ba ne ba e joalo e hlollang leoatle khatello ea tse ngata km teteaneng.

Seretse se chesang se nkang e fapaneng lik'hemik'hale ntho, e leng o qhalana ka metsi, ke itšoara ho theha acid e sulfuric. Sulfuric acid e, le eena, o qhalana liminerale tse ngata phallela seretse se chesang, le sebedisana ka le bona 'me e bopa sebabole le metsoako tšepe (sulfides).

The precipitate ba tsona e oele ka khoune ba bolelele ba ka bang ba mashome a supileng limithara tse, ka hare ho eona bohle a itšoare ka holimo tsoela pele. Top khoune phahama ditharollo litleloubu sulphide le thato ea bona maru ntsho.

e hlollang haholo. Leha ho le joalo, hore ba tlil'o hlaseloa. The thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ke hore a patiloeng le fetisisa a sebetsang a karolo ea mong le e khoune e ngata tse makholo limithara tse phahameng. Le ka holimo haholo ho ea Ostankino tora mohlala. Ha dikhouno le le ba bangata ba, ho bonahala eka ho na le mosebetsi o ka tlas'a lefatše (le ka tlas'a metsi) lekunutu semela. Hangata ka ho fetisisa di fumanwa ka lihlopha.

Central Range la Kamchatka

E khabisitse naha mona ea hloahloeng e ikhethang. The lithaba, e leng tlisitseng orilla ka ho Kamchatka Hloahloeng - Central Range. Bolelele ba eona ke 1200 km SE, matha ho tloha ka leboea ho ea ka boroa, 'me a kenya ka palo e khōlō ea foqoha seretse se chesang - ho fetisisa ya thyroid le stratovolcanoes. Ke ho na le le sehlabeng ea seretse se chesang, 'me tse ling mekoloko lithaba le litlhōrō tse ka thōko koahetsoeng ka glaciers ho sa feleng. Ho ikhethang ka ho hlaka ho fetisisa Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky Malkinskiy le maporogo.

Phahameng ka ho fetisisa ntlha - 3621 m - Ichinsky. Hoo e ka bang boemong ba le eona foqoha seretse se chesang tse ngata: Alna, Khuvkhoitun, Shishelov, a hlobaetsang le Sopka. The orilla e entsoe ka mashome a mabeli-robeli tsa makhalo motso le litlhōrō, tseo boholo ba tsona li ka lefapha la ka leboea. Karolo e bohareng e na le hole haholo pakeng tsa ka holimo, karolong e ka boroa - phahameng ruggedness ka tse fapaneng sa karolelano.

Bohare tectonic sebopeho Kamchatka orilla thehoa nakong nako e telele sebelisana kholo ka ho fetisisa lithospheric lipoleiti - Pacific, Kula, Eurasian le Amerika Leboea.