Sebopeho sa selikalikoe reflex. Reflex lesale. Physiology tsa tsamaiso ea methapo

Kaofela ha rōna re bonyane hang bophelong ba hae o ile a bua mantsoe a reng "ke na le reflex", empa batho ba 'maloa utloisise seo e se buang. Hoo e ka bang bophelo bohle ba rōna bo thehiloeng reflexes. Ka boseeng, ba re thusa hore re tsebe ho pholohela ba motho e moholo - ho sebetsa ka tsela e atlehang le ho lula ba phela hantle. Mamela reflexes, oo re o hemang, ho tsamaea, ja, le ho feta.

reflex

Reflex - ke karabelo ea 'mele ho hlasimollang e etsoang ke tsamaiso ea methapo. Ba bontša ho qaleha kapa qetello ea mosebetsi leha e le efe: motsamao oa mesifa, litsoelesa endocrine, liphetoho tse ka molumo vascular. Sena se nolofalletsa hore o ka potlako ikamahanya le tikoloho e fetola. E bolelang reflexes ka bophelo ba batho ba moholo hoo esita le a leeme bona felisoa (tloswa nakong opereishene, ho sithabela, setorouku, lefu la sethoathoa), etsa hore ho holofala ka ho sa feleng.

Ho ithuta tsamaiso bohareng le pheriferale tšohile amehang IP Pavlov le IM Karolo. Ba ile ba siea e ngata ya tlhahisoleseding bakeng sa meloko e tlang ea lingaka. Nakong e fetileng re ne re sa abelana Psychiatry le Neurology, empa ka mor'a tshebetso neurologists a bona a qala ho tloaela ho etsa le mong, ho ipokellela boiphihlelo le ho sekaseka eona.

mefuta reflexes

reflexes lefatšeng ka bophara li arotsoe ka tlas'a maemo a le khetheng. Pele a hlaha ka bophelo ba batho le ka ho etsa joalo ba amana, ka nako e ngata, le seo a se etsang. Tse ling tsa litsebo tse fumanweng ka mor'a nako, nyamela, 'me sebakeng sa bona e nkiloeng ke se secha, e loketseng ho tse eketsehileng ka maemo. Tsena li akarelletsa cyclisme, ho tantša, ho bapala liletsa tsa 'mino, sekepe khoebo, ho khanna koloi, le tse ling. reflexes tsena ka linako tse ling se bitsoang "matla stereotype".

reflexes tsebe letho ka beha theoha a le batho bohle ka tsela e tšoanang, 'me ho na le re na le ho tloha tsoalong. Ba phehella ho pholletsa le bophelo ba, kaha ba tšehetsa boteng ba rōna. Batho ha ba hlokomele hore ba hloka ho hema, ho fokotsa mesifa pelo, le lule le 'mele oa hao ka sebaka ka mele itseng, panya, sneeze, joalo-joalo Sena se etsahala ka tsela e iketsang, hobane mofuta o hlokomeloa ba rona.

tlhophiso ea reflexes

Ho na le classifications e 'maloa ea reflexes tse bontšang hore mosebetsi bona kapa li bontša boemo ba maikutlo. Ho eo e ka bolela tse ling tsa tsona.

bohlokoa tsa likokoana-hloko e ne e le ka thōko reflexes:

• lijo;
• tšireletso ea;
• ho kopanela liphate;
• e bontsha gore;
• reflexes beha boemo ba mmele (pozotonicheskie);
• reflexes ho falla.

Ho ea ka lefelo la receptors hore lemoha hlasimollang ka ho tsejoa:

• exteroreceptors tse ka letlalo le lera la mucous;
• interoreceptors, teng ka litho tsa ka hare le methapo ea mali;
• proprioceptors lemoha teneha tsa mesifa, manonyelletso le tendons.

Ho tseba classifications tse tharo ka romelwa reflex efe kapa efe ho hlalosa: e fumanweng kapa congenital, eo mosebetsi o etsa le hore na ba e bitsa.

Maemo reflex selikalikoe

Bakeng sa neurologists bohlokoa ho tseba boemo ka eo reflex koala. E thusa ho molemo hlwaya sebakeng se amehileng le ho noha senya bophelo. Khetholla reflexes lesapo la mokokotlo, methapo ea kutlo dilenaneo tse teng ka khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Ba na le boikarabelo ba hore 'mele nyenyenyane, mesifa e honyele, mosebetsi oa litho tsa pelvic. Rising boemong bo phahameng - ka medulla oblongata, fumana litsi bulbar hore laola mathe litsoelesa ba bang ba sefahleho le mesifa, ho hema 'me pelo ea mosebetsi. Tshenyo ya lefapha ena ke hoo e ka bang kamehla e bolaeang.

The midbrain koaloa reflexes mesencephalic. Ha e le hantle ho ke ke selikalikoe reflex tsa methapo ea kutlo cranial. phapang A ke hape diencephalic reflexes qetela neuron eo e teng ka diencephalon ena. Le reflexes cortical, tse laoloa ke cortex bokong. E le busa, ho fumana tsebo.

Hlokomela hore sebopeho sa selikalikoe reflex amang litsi phahame hokahanyang tsa tsamaiso ea methapo kamehla kenyeletsa maemo tlaase. Ke tsela corticospinal o tla feta ka e lipakeng, bohareng, oblong le lesapong la mokokotlo.

The physiology ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e lokisetsa e le hore e mong le e reflex ne a etsa likopi arcs 'maloa. Sena e ntse e tsoela mesebetsi ea 'mele ea, esita le likotsi le mafu.

The selikalikoe reflex

Reflex selikalikoe - e methapo ea kutlo tšusumetso e tsoang ho phetiso tseleng ho tloha phopholetsa 'mele (receptor) bakeng sa liha. Tšohile reflex selikalikoe na le methapo ea kutlo le dithulaganyo tsa bona, e leng theha potolohong e. khopolo ena ile a kenyelletsa ka moriana M.Hollom ka bohareng ba lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robong, empa ha nako e ntse, e fetoloa "lesale reflex." Ho ile ha etsoa qeto e lentsoe lena molemo bontša dithulaganyo ka tse etsahalang ka tsamaiso ea methapo.

Physiology khetholla monosynaptic, hammoho le two- le trehneyronnye selikalikoe ka linako tse ling fumanoa polisinapticheskie reflexes, ke hore,, ho akarelletsa le methapo ea kutlo ho feta tse tharo. The selikalikoe bonolo na le methapo ea kutlo tse peli: ea perceiver le dilenaneo ena. The pulse length feta tshebetso e telele ea neuron ho site ya methapo ea kutlo, eo le eena fetisetsa ho mesifa ena. reflexes tsena hangata khetheng.

Mafapha reflex selikalikoe

Sebopeho sa selikalikoe reflex na le mafapha a mahlano.

Pele - se receptor hore a fumana boitsebiso boo. E ka teng bobeli holim'a 'mele (letlalo, mucosal),' me ka botebo lona (ho retina, tendons, mesifa). Morphologically receptor a ka shebahala joang tshebetso e telele ea neuron kapa lesihla ea lisele.

Bobeli karolo - nahanela methapo ea kutlo le litlheferetsi, tse fetisetsa nyakallo ka selikalikoe e. Litopo tsa methapo ea kutlo tsena li teng ka ntle ho tsamaiso ea bohareng methapo (CNS), ka libaka lesapo la mokokotlo. mosebetsi oa bona ke tšoanang le motsu ka terene seporong. Ke hore, methapo ea kutlo ho aba lesedi e tlisoang ke ho bona, ka maemo a fapaneng a tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng.

Boraro karolo - sebaka switjha nahanela likhoele tsa likoloi. Ka ho fetisisa e reflexes ka khoele lesapo la mokokotlo, empa tse ling tsa selikalikoe rarahaneng feta ka ho toba ka boko, tse kang sireletsang, tlelella, reflexes lijo.

Karolo ea bone hlahiswa dilenaneo faeba hore o fana ka litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho tswa ho lesapo la mokokotlo methapo ea kutlo khoele enjene kapa ho effector.

Ho qetela, bohlano karohano - e le 'mele hore reflex mosebetsi. Hangata mesifa kapa tšoelesa, tse kang thaka, pelo, ho kopanela liphate, kapa mathe tšoelesa.

The thepa fisioloji ea litsi le methapo ea kutlo

The physiology ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e polygonal maemong lona fapaneng. The hamorao ha thehoa lefapha, ho thata le ho feta mosebetsi oa hae le molao oa tsamaiso hormonal. Ho na le thepa tse tšeletseng tseo li tloaelehile ho litsi tsohle methapo ea kutlo, ho sa tsotellehe sebopeho sa naha:

1. Khanna nyakallo feela ho tswa ho receptor ho effector neuron. Physiologically, sena ke hobane synapses (methapo ea kutlo lintlha mabapi) sebetsa ka tataiso e 'ngoe feela' me e ke ke ea fetola.

2. Ho tšenyo ea nako ba nyakallo methapo ea kutlo o boetse o amahanngoa le palo e kholo ea methapo ea kutlo ho selikalikoe 'me, ka lebaka leo, ho synapses. E le hore a synthesize e neurotransmitter (lik'hemik'hale susumetsang), lokolla ho ka lefarung synaptic le qeta ho joalo monate, ho nka nako e ngata ho feta haeba linaoa jala mashano feela hammoho le methapo ea kutlo faeba.

3. Sehlogo excitations. Sena se etsahala ha hlasimollang ea fokolang, empa kamehla le rhythmically repetitive. Tabeng ena, e le mokena-lipakeng e bokeletseng ka lera synaptic fihlela hase chelete bohlokoa, 'me joale fetisetsa ho pulse length. Mohlala bonolo ya ketsahalo ena - ketso ea ho e thimola.

4. Oa ho fetola lenane la nyakallo. Sebopeho sa selikalikoe reflex, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa tsamaiso ea methapo joalo hore esita le ka morethetho lieha ya hlasimollang le ho kopana ba bang ba ka botsitso - ho tloha mashome a mahlano ho isa linakong tse makholo a mabeli ka bobeli. Ka lebaka leo, mesifa ea 'mele oa motho li fokotsehile tetanic, ke hore, discontinuously.

5. Reflex phello. The methapo ea kutlo ea segopo reflex ke ka boemo thabile bakeng sa ho ba bang ba nako ka mor'a hore cessation ea hlasimollang ba. Ka lebaka lena, ho na le likhopolo tse peli. E re pele hore lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo ho fetisetsa nyakallo ea bobeli e telele ho feta bo hlasimollang 'me ka tsela eo, lelefatsa reflex. ea bobeli e thehiloe lesale reflex e koaloa pakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo tse peli lipakeng. Ba fetisetsa nyakallo e le nako e telele e le e mong ba bona ba ke ke hlahisa ho pulse length kapa ho fihlela ha ho Link braking temosong ea pontšo.

6. Khangoa ke metsi litsi methapo ea kutlo le hlaha ka nako ya tshusumetso ka nako e telele ya receptors ena. Ena e bontšoa fokotseha pele, 'me joale ka ho feletseng ha ba na nahanela.

Autonomic reflex selikalikoe

Ke mofuta tšohile tsamaiso lisebelisoa le nyakallo le khanna tšusumetso e tsoang ho tšohile, ka thōko, somatic le autonomic tšohile selikalikoe. A tsobotsi khethehileng ke hore reflex ho mesifa ya marapo e sa sitisoa, le ganglia autonomic hlokahala ho switjha ba fetang. litsi tsohle methapo ea kutlo e ka arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo:

• Vertebral (lesapo la mokokotlo) ganglia li amana le tsamaiso ea methapo le kutloelo-bohloko. Ba leng teng le ka lehlakoreng la ka la mokokotlo, eaba ba etsa litšiea.
• nodes Prespinal ba sebakeng hōjana le ho tswa lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo, le ba boholong. Tsena li akarelletsa ciliary ganglion, cervical nodes le kutloelo-bohloko, ho akira theo gun letsatsi le nodes mesenteric.
• nodes Intraorganic ha ho le thata ho nahana, ba sebakeng litho tsa ka hare: pelo mesifa, bronchial, tube, mala, ho litsoelesa endocrine.

tšoane hona pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea somatic le autonomic li metse ka metso phylogeny, 'me li amana le boikatiso lebelo la reflexes le tlhokahalo bona.

Phethahala ha reflex

Kwa ka selikalikoe reflex kena receptor tlhotlheletso, e bakang nyakallo le ketsahalo e sa methapo ea kutlo tšusumetso e tsoang ho. Motheong oa tshebetso ena ke phetoho ka ea mahloriso ya khalsiamo le sodium ions, tse ka mahlakoreng a mabeli a lera ka seleng. Ho fetola lenane la anions le cations bakang battlefield e ka 'nang motlakase le ketsahalo e ea lero.

From tlhotlheletso receptor, centripetally fallisetseng kena afferent kgokahanyo reflex selikalikoe - cerebrospinal noute. Scion ho tluoa tabeng ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo ho cores hlokolosi, 'me joale e fapoha ka ho ho methapo ea kutlo le tsa likoloi. Sena ke kgokahanyo e bohareng ba reflex ena. Dithulaganyo dilenaneo nuclei ba khoele lesapo la mokokotlo li teng hammoho le metso e meng 'me a romela ho actuators e lekanang. The likhoele mesifa motenya fela dilenaneo pakellanang.

Baud sekhahla pulse length itšetlehile ka mofuta oa likhoele methapo ea kutlo le a ka Range ho tloha limithara tse 0.5 ho 100 ka bobeli. Nyakallo e sa isoa methapo haufi ka lebaka la ho likhetla ho ba teng ho itšehla dithulaganyo ho tloha mong ho e mong.

E bolelang reflex thibelo

Ho tloha methapo ea kutlo faeba ke khona ho tsoela pele ka nako e telele a ferekane, ho braking ke bohlokoa etsehang mochine oa phelang. Thanks ho eena, lisele methapo ea kutlo se latsoa mokhathala kamehla le overstimulation. Contact afferentation, oo ka oona o ile a hlokomela 'me braking, ho akarelletsa le sebōpeho sa reflexes masusu le tlosa ho hlokahala bakeng sa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng ho hlahloba mesebetsi e mahareng. Sena se fana ka tšebelisano reflexes, mohlala, phetha molao.

Feedback afferentation hape thibela boikatiso ea litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho likarolo tse ling tsa tsamaiso ea methapo, ha ho lula re ena tshebetso bona.

Hokahanya mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea methapo

Ka motho ea phetseng hantle litho tsa tsohle sebetsa ka kutloano 'me a lumela. Ba angoa ke ho tsamaiso junifomo ea tšebelisano. Sebopeho sa selikalikoe reflex - ena ke taba e khethehileng, eo e tiisa molao le 'ngoe. E le le tsamaiso e meng, ho motho, haholo, ho na le palo ya melao-motheo kapa melao eo ka yona ho sebetsa:

• Convergence (linaoa tsa likarolo tse sa tšoaneng ka 'na ba karolo e' ngoe ea CNS);
• ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo (nako e telele le ho teneha haholo bakang nyakallo ea libaka haufi);
• reciprocity (thibelo bang reflexes tse ling);
• se le seng ho qetela tseleng (thehiloeng methapo ea kutlo kganetsano chelete afferent ho efferent);
• (Oona tsamaisong boitšoaro e thehiloeng palo ea linaoa fumaneng le generated) poeletsotlaleho;
• ka sehloohong (ho ba teng ha a tsitsinkela tse khōlō tsa nyakallo, eo overlaps e mong).