Central le pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo: sebopeho le mosebetsi

Nepahetse tšebetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo ka shebaneng tse fapa-fapaneng ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo tletseng batho. The tsamaiso ea methapo batho ke sebopeho rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ea phelang.

mehopolo ea kajeno mabapi le mesebetsi ya tsamaiso ea methapo

Rarahaneng le puisano e marangrang, e leng e denoted e le saense ya tsamaiso ea methapo tsa likokoana-hloko e arotsoe bohareng le pheriferale, ho itšetlehile ka lefelo la lisele methapo ea kutlo bona. Pele ho tlisa hammoho lisele teng bokong 'me ka khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Empa methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, tse teng ka ntle ho theha tsamaiso pheriferale methapo (PNS).

Central tsamaiso ea methapo (CNS) lisebelisoa mesebetsi ea mantlha ea sebetsa le phetiso ya tlhahisoleseding, kopana le tikoloho. The tsamaiso ea methapo e sebetsa ka molao-motheo o reflex. Reflex - ke arabela ka lekala teneha itseng. Ameha ka ho toba ka ho tshebetso ena lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo e bokong. Ka mor'a ho amohela boitsebiso bo tsoang liseleng tsa kutlo tse PNS, ba e sebetswa me a romeletsa ho botsitso le ka 'mele oa phethahatso. Ho ea ka molao-motheo ona etsa tsohle boithaopo le mekhatlo involuntary, le hlaphohetsoe likelellong mosebetsi (mosebetsi dikopanothutano), ba nahana le ya memori, joalo-joalo D..

mekgwa lisele

Ho sa tsotellehe hore mesebetsi ea tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile 'me seleng ea sebaka, methapo ea kutlo na litšobotsi tse tšoanang le lisele tsohle tsa' mele. Kahoo, e mong le e neuron e entsoe ka:

• lera kapa lera cytoplasmic;
• cytoplasm kapa sebaka pakeng tsa khetla le ka seleng ea mantlha e tlala mokelikeli intracellular;
• mitochondria, e fana ka ya eneji, neuron ka boeona, eo ba ile ba fumana ho tswa tsoekere le oksijene;
• microtubes - dibopeho tšesaane hore phetha mesebetsi tšehetso le thusa seleng ho boloka liforomo mathomo;
• endoplasmic reticulum - dinetweke tseo ka hare, e leng ka seleng sebedisa bakeng sa ho khotsofala.

Khetholle ka lisele tse methapo ea kutlo

lisele tse methapo ea kutlo na likarolo tse tobileng tse ba na le boikarabelo hore a buisane ka tsona le methapo ea kutlo tse ling.

Axons - le thulaganyo ya sehlooho ea lisele methapo ea kutlo, leo boitsebiso boo e isoa ke balebeli ba potoloho ka neural. Tlhahisoleseding botsoalle haholoanyane phetiso metjha e bopa e neuron, e khōlō e axon lona branching.

Dendrites - dithulaganyo tse ling tsa neuron ena. Ba teng ho input synapses - lintlha itseng moo ho na le ke ho kopana le methapo ea kutlo. Ka lebaka leo, e o tlang pitso pontšo neuronal boripana phetiso.

Classification le thepa ea lisele methapo ea kutlo

Methapo ea kutlo liseleng tse, kapa methapo ea kutlo, ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse ngata le subgroups, ho itšetlehile ka ee rileng bona, mesebetsing, le sebaka ka ya netweke le neural.

thepa ea motheo e nang le boikarabelo bakeng sa maikutlo a kutlo tsa susumetsa ba bang Link (pono, ho utloa, tactile ikutloe joang, monko, 'me joalo-joalo. D.), Bitsoa buisana. Methapo ea kutlo, tse kopanngoa ka ya netweke le ho fana ka mesebetsi dilenaneo li bitsoa tsa likoloi. Hape ka Seboka sa National na methapo ea kutlo e tsoakiloeng hore phetha mesebetsi tenyetseha.

Ho itšetlehile ka sebaka sa neuron mabapi le boko ba le matla a ho laela a phethahatso, lisele tse e ka ba ka sehloohong, se mahareng, 'me joalo-joalo D..

Liphatsa tsa lefutso liseleng tsa kutlo le boikarabelo ba ho tswakana ea limolek'hule itseng, ke eo batho ba haha dikgokelo synaptic le lisele tse ling, empa lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo se na matla a ho arola.

Ho e thehiloeng polelo ena le atile ka lingoliloeng tse "lisele methapo ea kutlo se regenerate." Ya e le hantle, ba sitoa ho arola methapo ea kutlo e ke ke ea regenerate. Empa ba mong le e mong bobeli ka bopa e ngata dikgokelo ntjha neural ho phetha mesebetsi e rarahaneng.

Ka tsela eo, lisele li etselitsoe ho kamehla bopa likamano tsa e ncha le e ncha. Ka tsela eo develops e rarahaneng neural marangrang a puisano. Ho ne ho bōptjoa dikgokelo e ncha e bokong isang ntshetsopele ya bohlale, nahana. Muscle bohlale o boetse o tsoelang pele ka tsela e tšoanang. boko e irreversibly ntlafala ka koetlisa tsohle li be ncha 'me a e ncha dilenaneo mosebetsi.

Ntshetsopeleng ya bohlale maikutlong, 'meleng le kelellong le hlaha ka tsamaiso ea methapo ka tsela e tšoanang. Empa haeba a tsitsinkela ke ka ntho e 'ngoe, mesebetsi e meng ha hlahisa e le ka potlako.

boko

Boko ba motho e moholo boima ka 1.3-1.5 lik'hilograma. Bo-rasaense ba fumane hore ho fihlela ho 22, boima ba 'mele ho butle-butle eketsa,' me ka mor'a lilemo tse 75 a qala ho fokotseha.

boko karolelano motho ka mong o na le tse fetang libilione tse 100 dikgokelo motlakase, e leng ka makhetlo a mangata e kholoanyane ho feta maqhama 'ohle ka disebedisweng tse ding tsohle motlakase lefatšeng.

Ho ithuta le ho ile a etsa boiteko ho ntlafatsa boko mosebetsi, bafuputsi ba qeta lilemo tse ngata le mashome a limilione tsa liranta.

likarolo tse ling tsa boko, litšobotsi tse bona tshebetso

Ho ntse ho ka nkoa e le tsebo ha jwale ka boko lekaneng. Haholo-holo ha re nahana hore ka nehelano ea saense ya mesebetsi ya likarolo motho ea boko entse khoneha ntshetsopele ya Neurology, neurosurgery.

boko e arotsoe ka libaka tsena:

1. Forebrain. Forebrain hangata ngotsoe ke "e phahameng" mesebetsi kelello. Ho akarelletsa:

• ea lobes tse tobileng, le boikarabelo ba ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea libakeng tse ling;
• lobes ya ntango, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho utloa le puo;
• lobes parietal laola tshisinyo taolo le temoho kutlo.
• lobes occipital ba na le boikarabelo mosebetsi bonwang.

2. midbrain e kenyeletsa:

• Thalamus moo sebetsa le hlaha hoo e ka bang tsohle lesedi kenyelelitsoe forebrain ena.
• The hypothalamus laola litaba ho tloha tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale methapo le NS autonomic.

3. The hindbrain e kenyeletsa:

• The medulla oblongata, eo ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa molao oa tsamaiso ea morethetho tsa likokoana-hloko le ho eloa hloko.
• Boko ba bakoang fana phahama ho litseleng methapo ea kutlo tse ho ya boko buisana le dibopeho lesapong la mokokotlo, le mofuta oa kgokahanyo pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile.
• Cerebellum, boko, kapa tse nyenyane, ke karolo ea leshome ea le boima ba boko. tse pedi hemispheres bokong ba sebakeng ka holimo ho. Ho tswa ho mosebetsi oa cerebellum ho itšetlehile ka tšebelisano ea motsamao o, matla a ho boloka ho leka-lekana ka sebaka.

lesapo la mokokotlo khoele

Bolelele karolelano ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo oa batho ba baholo le ke hoo e ka bang 44 cm,.

Ho simoloha ho tswa ho bakoang boko le fetisa ka magnum foramen ka lehata la. E qetella ka boemo ba bobeli lumbar vertebra. Qetellong ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo e bitswang boko khoune. E qetella ka e bokella ya lumbar le methapo sacral.

Ho tswa ho makala a lesapong la mokokotlo tsoa lipara 31 of methapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Ba thusa amahanya likarolo tse ling tsa tsamaiso ea methapo: bohareng le pheriferale. Ka dithulaganyo tsena karolo ea 'mele' me litho tse ka hare fumana matšoao tloha PSD ena.

Ka khoele lesapo la mokokotlo ho boetse ho na le ho e lokisa ka sehloohong oa boitsebiso reflex, ka tsela eo hatela pele ka matla ho tshebetso ya ho likarabo tsa botho ho susumetsa ba bang maemong a kotsi.

CSF kapa boko mokelikeli, ho tloaelehile hore ho boko le lesapong la mokokotlo, o thehoa boko libaka vascular slits tloha lero la mali mali.

Ka tloaelo e lokela ho ba tsoelang pele ajoa. Joala baka kamehla hare cranial khatello, o etsa cushioning le mosebetsi sireletsang. Analysis ya sebopeho CSF - ke e 'ngoe ea litsela tse bonolo ho hlahloba mafu a hae ho tebile NA.

Ke'ng se etsang hore tshenyo tsamaiso bohareng methapo ea Genese e fapaneng

Mafu a ea tsamaiso ea methapo, ho itšetlehile ka nako eo, e arotsoe:

1. Predperinatalnye - boko tsenyo e utero.
2. Perinatal - ha tšenyo e se etsahala ka nako ya pelehi le ka lihora pele ka mor'a tsoalo.
3. Postnatal - ha lesapo la mokokotlo khoele kapa boko ntsa kotsi le hlaha ka mor'a tsoalo.

Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta wa CNS arotswe:

1. Sithabetsang (totobetse ho fetisisa). Re lokela ho ela hloko hore tsamaiso ea methapo ke ntho ya bohlokwa haholo ya ho lintho tse phelang, 'me ho tloha ntlheng ea ho lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho, kahoo boko le lesapong la mokokotlo le sirelelitsoe haufi likhetla okolomozgovye mokelikeli le masapo dinama tse nyenyane tse. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a mang, ho sireletsoa ena ha hoa lekana. Ba bang ba tsoa likotsi baka tšenyo ho tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile. Sithabetsang lesapong la mokokotlo mo ntša kotsi le lintho tse ngata ho ka etsahala hore etsa hore liphello etsolloa. Hangata ka ho fetisisa, ho holofala hona, ho holofatsang tšoanang (tsamaea le ho butle-butle shoa theoha ea methapo ea kutlo). A phahameng tšenyo e e hlahile, ka paresis le pharaletseng (fokotswa mesifa matla). The likotsi atileng ka ho fetisisa ba nkoa e le bulehileng le koetsoeng concussion.
2. Organic CNS diso atisa ho etsahala'ng ha ba beleha le lebisa bobokong bokong. Ba hlaha ka lebaka la ho hloka ea oksijene (hypoxia). Ke ka lebaka la mosebetsi o boima nako e telele kapa thapo batle. Ho itšetlehile ka nako ea hypoxia, bobokong bokong e ka ba likhato tse sa tšoaneng tsa ho tiea, ho tloha e le bonolo ho e matla, e leng e tsamaea le ho felloa ke matla mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile. CNS ba latelang leqeba hape hlalosoa e le manyolo.
3. Liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ikemiselitse ho bohareng tsamaiso ea methapo diso li bakoa ke liphetoho tse bang teng ka ketane ho liphatsa tsa lefutso. Di nkoa e le lefa. The atileng ka ho fetisisa - lefu Down e, lefu Tourette e, autism (liphatsa tsa lefutso-tshilong ya dijo ka ho hloka taolo) tse etsahalang nakoana ka mor'a tsoalo kapa ka selemo sa pele sa bophelo. lefu Kensington, e Parkinson, la Alzheimer le holofatsang nkoa hore li etsahale ka lilemo bohareng kapa khale.
4. Magazine - hangata ka ho fetisisa etsahala ka lebaka la ho timetsoa ha lintho tse phelang lefu tse bakang boko dinama tse nyenyane tse (herpetic magazine, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

Sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea methapo pheriferale

PNS theha lisele tse methapo ea kutlo teng kantle boko le kanale lesapo la mokokotlo. Ho na le ganglia (cranial, lesapo la mokokotlo le autonomic). Hape ka PNS, ho na le lipara tse 31 of methapo le dipheletso methapo ea kutlo.

Ka kutloisiso e tshebetso, ho PNS bopilwe ka methapo ea kutlo somatic hore fetisa litakatso dilenaneo le ka ho ikopanya le receptors litho kutloisiso, 'me vegetative, e leng boikarabelo ba ho mosebetsi oa litho tse ka hare. Pheriferale dibopeho neural na dilenaneo, 'me likhoele autonomic sensetivnye.

dithulaganyo hlabang

Mafu a ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo tse fapaneng haholo ka lintho tsa tlhaho. Ha CNS mo ntša kotsi hangata ba e rarahaneng, se boleloang lefatšeng lohle, le mafu a PNS ba atisa ho bonahatsa ka mokgwa wa dithulaganyo hlabang libakeng la ganglia. Ikatisetsa bongaka, ho ruruha joalo e bitsoa neuralgia.

neuralgia - e bohloko ho ruruha ka libaka tsa ho bokella ganglion, tlhotlheletso ya e bakang e bohale reflex twinge. Ke neuralgia kenyeletsa polyneuritis, radiculitis, ho ruruha kapa lumbar trigeminal methapo ea kutlo, plexitis le joaloka D..

Mosebetsi oa bohareng le pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ho iphetola ha lintho ea 'mele oa motho

Tsamaiso ea methapo - e le eena feela ba litsamaiso tsa 'mele oa motho e ka ntlafala. Sebopeho rarahaneng ea tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile ke liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho evolutionarily. boko o na le thepa ea buka e ikhethang - neuroplasticity. Ke bokhoni ba lisele tsa tsona li CNS ho nka tse fetang mesebetsi ea haufi lisele tse shoeleng, ho haha dikgokelo ntjha neural. Sena se hlalosa hore na liketsahalo tsa bongaka, ha bana ba nang le diso manyolo boko ntshetswa pele, ho tsamaea le koetlisitsoeng ka, lipuo le joalo-joalo. D., Sechaba ka mor'a setorouku ka mor'a nako, tsosolosa matla a ho tsamaea ka tsela e tloaelehileng. Ena eohle etelloa pele ke ho haha batho ba limilione ba maqhama a macha pakeng tsa e bohareng le e pheriferale likarolo tse ling tsa tsamaiso ea methapo.

Le tsoelo-pele ea tse fapa-fapaneng bakuli dithekeniki hlaphoheloa ka mor'a ho lemala boko hlahile hape bakeng sa dithekeniki ntshetsopeleng batho. Ba li thehiloe utloahalang khopolo ea hore ha e bohareng le pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo e ka hlaphoheloa ho tswa ho tsoa likotsi, e bophelo bo botle methapo ea kutlo liseleng tse Hape ba khona ho ntshetsa pele bokhoni ba bona ke hoo e ka bang sa feleng.