Musculoskeletal tsamaiso e khopo: mosebetsi le sebopeho. Ntshetsopeleng ya batho musculoskeletal sethusathuto

All makala a tshisinyo, fumants'a mmele fallisetseng ka sebaka tsena hlakanywa ka e le 'ngoe tsamaiso. Sena se akarelletsa ho masapo, manonyeletso, mesifa le ligaments. Musculoskeletal tsamaiso ea monna o etsa mesebetsi e itseng ka lebaka la ho peculiarities ya sebopeho le sebōpeho sa makala a lokomocja.

e bolelang locomotor

masapo batho o etsa mesebetsi 'maloa ea bohlokoa:

• tshehetso;
• tšireletso ea;
• E fana ka sisinyeha;
• kopanelang papaling ea ho ea metabolism matsoai le hematopoiesis.

Tlōlo ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal bakang dithulaganyo pathological ka tsamaiso ea tse ngata tsa 'mele. Mesifa khomaretse masapong o etsoang tsoa mokhatlo oa mabapi mong ho e mong, oo ka oona motsamao oa 'mele' me ho fanoa ka sebaka sa. tsamaiso e khopo Muscular na makgetheng lona tshebetso:

• Ho pota-potileng le batho mohohlo mmeleng, ea sireletsa ho tse tshenyo phetha molao;
• a etsa tšehetso mosebetsi, ho tšehetsa 'mele ba maemong a itseng.

Ka ntshetsopele ya locomotor sethusathuto motho o susumetsang e bohareng tsamaiso ea methapo ntshetsopele. Ntshetsopeleng ya lisele tse mesifa le methapo ea kutlo - itšetlehile ka dithulaganyo e mong le ba bang. Ho tseba seo lintlha tsa tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal tse hlokahalang bakeng sa tshebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele, e ka etsa qeto ea hore masapo ke habohlokoa ho sebopeho sa' mele.

Nakong embryogenesis, ha 'mele o e hoo e batlang e ke ke angoa ke ho susumetsa ba bang leha e le efe, fetal mokhatlo oa halefisa receptors le mesifa. From linaoa tsena ho ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, Stimulating ntshetsopele ya methapo ea kutlo. Ka nako e tšoanang, tse tsoelang pele tsamaiso ea methapo di hlohleletsago kgolo le ntshetsopele ea tsamaiso ea mesifa.

ya marapo human anatomy

Skeleton - sete ya masapo hore a etse tšehetso, dilenaneo le mesebetsi e sireletsang. Musculoskeletal tsamaiso ea batho e na le ka bang 200 masapo (ho itšetlehile ka lilemo), tseo kaofela ha tsona li ke keng ba lekanngoa letaeseng.sebapadi 33-34. Khetholla centerline (morpheme, lehata, vertebrae), 'me katoloso (mahala leoto) lithotsela.

Bones thehoa lesapo dinama tse nyenyane tse, tse amanang le ho mefuta e fapaneng ya dinama tse nyenyane tse connective. E entsoe ka lisele tse le letšo-letšo kantle ho sele popeho, e nang le plurality tsa collagen le matsoai dikarolo hore e fana ka elasticity.

Masapo ke polokelo bakeng sa litho tsa ka hare ea bohlokoa e motho: lehata ke boko, ka kanale lesapo la mokokotlo - lesapong la mokokotlo, sefubeng fana ho sireletsa metso, matšoafo, pelo, ea bohlokoa kgolo le likutu venous, le noka ho sireletsa khahlanong le tshenyo makala ea tsamaiso urogenital. Tlōlo ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal ka baka tšenyo ho litho tse ka hare, ka linako tse ling sa lumellane le bophelo.

sebopeho lesapo

The thōko spongy lesapo le ntho diseke ee. The karo-karolelano fapana ho itšetlehile ka sebaka se le mosebetsi wa karolo e itseng ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal.

Ntho diseke ee e localized ka theko ea masapo e telele, eo ho fana ka tšehetso le locomotor mosebetsi. lintho tse bonahalang Spongy e kenngoa ka masapo a bataletse 'me e khutšoanyane. Holim eohle ea lesapo (ntle le e kopanetsoeng) e koahetsoeng ka periosteum (periosteum).

sebopeho lesapo

The ontogeny ea sebopeho ea tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal ka mekhahlelo e 'maloa - webbed, lefufuru le masapo. Ho tloha bekeng ea bobeli ka mor'a kemolo ka mesenchyme tsa masapo membranous Ho thehoa ea primordia lefufuru. Ke bekeng bo8 la lefufuru dinama tse nyenyane tse e butle-butle nkeloa sebaka ke masapo.

Phetolo cartilaginous lesapo a ka atolosa ka litsela tse ngata:

• perihondrialnoe ossification - lesapo sebopeho sa lefufuru pherimitha;
• periosteal ossification - tlhahiso ea osteocytes mocha thehoa periosteum;
• enchondral ossification - lesapo sebopeho hara lefufuru la.

Tshebetso ya sebopeho lesapo ke tsoele pele ho mela lijana le connective dinama tse nyenyane tse ho tswa ho lefufuru ka periosteum le (ka libakeng tsena felisoeng ha lefufuru le hlaha). E le karolo ea lisele tse osteogenic o ile hlahisa cancellous masapo.

Nakong ntshetsopeleng fetal le hlaha diaphyseal ossification la masapo a nako e telele (tse bitsoang mathomo ntlha ya ossification), ka nako eo ka mor'a tsoalo ea le hlaha ossification epiphysis la masapo a nako e telele (lintlha bobeli ea ossification). Ho fihlela ka ba lilemo li 16-24 pakeng tsa epiphyses le diaphysis bolokoa cartilaginous epiphyseal poleiti.

Thanks ho ba teng ha sona li atoloswa makala ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal. Hang lefufuru le e nkeloa sebaka ke lesapo logan le hlaha diaphysis le epiphysis la masapo a nako e telele, khōlo ea batho khaotsa.

Sebopeho sa karolong e ngotsoeng vertebral

The lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo e sequentially superimposed vertebrae tse amanang ka ho discs intervertebral, manonyello le ligaments, e leng e thehilweng oona tsamaisong musculoskeletal. mosebetsi lesapo la mokokotlo ha tšehetso feela, empa hape ho sireletsa, ho thibela tšenyo e phetha molao oa litho tse ka hare le lesapong la mokokotlo, ho fetisetsa e kanale lesapo la mokokotlo.

Na likarolo tse hlano la mokokotlo - coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic le cervical. E mong le e lefapha o na le lengolo la tse itseng tsa tsamaiso, ho feletseng immobile ke feela sacral lesapo la mokokotlo.

motsamao oa lesapo la mokokotlo kapa mafapha a lona e tiisa ke mesifa ya marapo. E loketseng ntshetsopele ya tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal ka nako neonatal, e fana ka tšehetso e hlokahalang bakeng sa litho tsa ka hare le litsamaiso le tshireletso tsa bona.

Sebōpeho sa sefuba

Morpheme - osteochondral sebopeho bopilweng tsa sternum le likhopo 12 thoracic vertebrae. Sebopeho sa sefubeng sa tšoana tsoeng truncated khoune. The khopo gorole nang mabota a mane:

• ka pele - thehoa sternum le khopo lefufuru;
• morao - Ho thehoa vertebrae ea lesapo la mokokotlo thoracic le lipheletsong morao ea likhopo;
• 2 lehlakoreng - thehoa ka kotloloho likhopo.

Hape thōko mekoti e 'meli morpheme - e ka holimo le lesoba ka tlaase. Fete se qalang ka holimo ea makala le ho hema 'me ba tsamaiso tshilong ya dijo (metso, trachea, methapo ea kutlo le methapo ea mali). Mokoting o kenyang ka tlaase e koetsoe ke diaphragm, e leng o na le lesoba bakeng sa temana ea ea bohlokoa kgolo le likutu venous (aorta, tlaasana vena cava), le metso.

Sebōpeho sa lehata e

Lehata ke o mong oa mehaho e le tsa motheo tsa masapo axial, eo e bopa tsamaiso musculoskeletal. Lehata mosebetsi - ho sireletsa boko, makala a kutlo, 'me tšehetso bakeng sa likarohano ka sehloohong ea tsamaiso ea matšoafo le tshilong ya dijo. Ho e na le masapo a di behuwe ka bobedi le unpaired le e arotsoe boko le mafapha ea sefahleho.

Karolo ea pele ea lehata ke:

• tsa maxillary le masapo mandibular;
• tse pedi nasal masapo;
• zygomatic masapo.

Sebopeho neurocranium e kenyeletsa:

• le tse tobileng lesapo ;
• di behuwe ka bobedi lesapo ya ntango;
• Steam sphenoid lesapo;
• mouoane parietal lesapo ;
• occipital masapo.

Boko ba lefapha o na le mosebetsi le ho sireletsa bakeng sa boko le ke receptacle lona. ofisi ea pele e fana ka tšehetso ho lefapha la mathomo ea tsamaiso matšoafo le tshilong ya dijo le makala kutlo.

tsamaiso e khopo Musculoskeletal: mosebetsi le sebōpeho sa maoto le matsoho ho

Ka ho iphetola ha lintho ba leoto masapo e fumanweng tsamaiso e pharaletseng e loketseng ho articular articulation masapo (haholo-holo radial le manonyello carpal). Abelwang karolo ya thoracic le girdles pelvic.

Lebanta ka holimo (sefubeng) ho kenyeletsa tse peli tse lehare le clavicle lesapo, le tlase (pelvic) thehoa ke para ea pelvic masapo. E sa lefelloeng karolo e itseng ea leoto e ka holimo ke mafapha a kang a latelang:

• proximal - na le humerus;
• karolelano - emela ulna le radius;
• distal - Akarelletsa masapo wrist, masapo metacarpal le masapo monoana.

E leng karolo e sa lefelloeng ea ho leoto tlaase le na le mafapha a latelang:

• proximal - na le femur;
• Lipakeng - kenyeletsang tibia le fibula;
• distal - masapo tarsal, masapo metatarsal le masapo ea menoana ea.

leoto masapo dumella e mengata e fapaneng mesebetsi le ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mosebetsi oa ho tloaelehile, eo e fana ka tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal. ya marapo mosebetsi oa leoto mahala ke ho le thata ho feteletsa, hobane le thuso ea bona batho ba phetha hoo e batlang e tsohle liketso.

Sebōpeho sa tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal

mesifa ea ya marapo a khomaretse masapo le phokotso le fana ka motsamao oa 'mele kapa likarolo tsa lona tse sepakapakeng. Ka lipelo tsa mesifa ya marapo a striated likhoele mesifa. Ho phaella tabeng ea ho tšehetsa le ho dilenaneo mesebetsi ya mesifa fana ho sebetsa ha ho hema, engole, ho hlafuna, ke ameha sefahleho, mocheso isa molokong o mong le articulation ba ho bua.

The thepa ka sehloohong ea mesifa ya marapo ke tsena:

• excitability - mosebetsi oa mesifa likhoele ha e phethahatsoe tlas'a tšusumetso ea methapo ea kutlo takatso;
• conductivity - ho tloha dipheletso methapo ea kutlo ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e potlakileng tšusumetso e tsoang ho conduction;
• contractility - ka lebaka la methapo ea kutlo tšusumetso e tsoang ho sephethephethe etsoa contractility mesifa ya marapo.

Muscle e entsoe ka ea lipheletsong tsa tendon le (tendons, mesifa li khomaretse masapo) le mpa (e entsoeng ka likhoele mesifa striated). Hokahanngoa mosebetsi ea tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal e phethahatsoa tshebetsong e loketseng ea mesifa le hlokahala bakeng sa molao oa tsamaiso ena neural tsa likhoele mesifa.