Moemeli oa pele oa alkenes - ethylene. The thepa 'meleng, ho lokisetsa, tšebeliso ea ethylene

Khanyang moemeli unsaturated hydrocarbons - ethene (ethylene). Properties 'meleng: colorless chang khase, motsoako phatloha le oksijene le moea. The ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa ethylene ho tloha oli e tala fumana bakeng sa tswakana latelang ya dintho manyolo (monohydric le dihydric alcohols, polymers, acid e acetic le metsoako e meng).

Homologous series ea ethylene sp ² hybridization

Hydrocarbons, ka tsela e tšoanang sebopeho le thepa le ethene ba bitsoa alkenes. Histori metseng ka poleloana e reng 'ngoe bakeng sa sehlopha sena - olefins. The moralo kakaretso oa _C-n H _2n bonahatsa hlophisoa tlelase eohle ea lintho. Origin emela - ethylene, ka molek'hule e leng carbon liathomo theha ha e meraro empa ke feela e 'meli O-buisana le hydrogen. Alkenes - metsoako unsaturated kapa unsaturated ya moralo C ₂ H _4. Ba tsoakane ka sebōpeho sa matla le 2 feela p- le s-1 k'habone athomo, elektrone leru, tsohle mabapi tharo O-hare. boemo ena e bitsoa sp2-hybridization. The valency ea bone ea k'habone bolokoa ka molek'hule ea hlaha ka π-tlamo e. Ka tsela eo mehaho ea sebopeho bath e bontšoa. Empa matshwaonyana ho bontša mefuta e fapaneng ea ho buisana ka litšoantšo tse hangata ba ne ba sebelisa e tšoanang - dashes kapa matheba. ethylene sebopeho hlalosa sebelisana lona le dintho mafolofolo litlelase fapaneng. Kamohelo metsi le likaroloana tse ling le hlaha ka lebaka la ho otlile ea sa tsitsang π-litlamo. Lokolloa valences ba phelelang ho ka lebaka la ho dieleketerone oksijene, hydrogen, halogens.

Ethylene: thepa meleng taba

Ethene tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng (khatello ea sepakapaka le mocheso oa 18 ° C) - colorless khase. Ho na le le monate (bohlokwa) monko, ho fana ka ho inhalation narcotic ama batho. Solidifies ka -169,5 ° C, qhibiliha ka maemo tšoanang mocheso. Taba ethene ka -103,8 ° C. Ignites ha halefile ho 540 ° C. Khase hantle hotetsa, lelakabe luminous le mosili tlaase. Ethylene ile qhalwa ho ya ka phenylate le monohalogen acetone, haholo tlase - ka metsi 'me ba noa joala. Lekaneng molare boima dintho - 28 g, / mole. Oa boraro le ea bone baemeli ba homologous letoto la ethene - hape gaseous dintho. The thepa 'meleng ea bohlano le alkenes latelang tse fapaneng, ba ile ba ba sephalli le-butle.

Ho lokisetsa le thepa ea ethylene

Jeremane setsebi sa k'hemistri Iogan Beher ka phoso o ile a sebelisa joala ka liteko le asiti khobokellane sulfuric. Kahoo ethene ile pele a fumana ho liteko tsa laboratori tse (1680). Ka bohareng ba XIX lekholong la lilemo la AM Butlerov ile a fana ka sehlooho komponeng, ethylene. thepa 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale li boetse li' nile oa hlalosoa e tsebahalang Russia setsebi sa k'hemistri. Butlerof sisintsweng mehaho moralo bontša sebōpeho sa taba. Mekhoa bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho lona ka laboratoring:

1. Catalytic hydrogenation tsa acetylene.
2. Dehydrohalogenation chloroethane ke ikutloa ka tsela e nang le khobokellane tharollo joala tsa botlaaseng le matla (a alkali) le futhumatsang.
3. Bokaholimo ba matsoele ea limolek'hule tsa metsi tsa ethyl joala (dehydration). Ho nka ba ikutloa ka tsela e ba teng ha acid e sulfuric. abel lona: H2C-CH2-OH → H2C = CH2 + H2O

Tlhahiso liindasteri:

• hloekisa - ho petsoha le pyrolysis tsa hydrocarbons;
• dehydrogenation tsa hlahisoang moo ethane ka ho ba teng ha sethothetsi ka. H ₃ C-CH ₃ → H ₂ C = CH ₂ + H ₂

ethylene sebopeho hlalosa liphetoho lona tloaelehileng lik'hemik'hale - kamohelo likaroloana C liathomo, tse ka tlamo e habeli:

1. Halogenation le gidrogalogenirovanie. Lihlahisoa a itšoare tsena di halogenated.
2. The hydrogenation (ho tlala hydrogen), ho ba lokisetsa ho ea hlahisoang moo ethane.
3. Ho kena moea ho diol ea ethylene glycol. moralo lona: OH-H2C-CH2-OH.
4. Molekyler latela sekemeng ho: n (H2C = CH2) → n g (-H2C-CH2-).

Libakeng tsa kopo ya ethylene

Ke palophatlo distillation tsa oli e tala ho meqolo kgolo fumana ethylene. The senama, sebopeho le lik'hemik'hale mofuta wa lintho tse bonahalang tse ho dumella ho e sebelisa ka ho hlahisoa ha ethanol, alcohols halogenated, oxide e, acid e acetic le metsoako e meng. Ethene - nhua polyethylene monomer, 'me boitsebiso bo qalang tsa polystyrene.

Dichloroethane eo ne a lokisitsoeng tloha ethene le chloride, ke solvent ntle le sebelisitsoe ka tlhahiso ea polyvinylchloride (PVC). Nhua polyethylene ea tlaase 'me e phahameng khatello ea hlahisitseng filimi, phala, sekotlolo, polystyrene - Maemong a bakeng sa CD-ROM ka koloi le lintlha tse ling. PVC - ke motheong oa linoleum, raincoats. Ka temo, ethene sebetswa tholoana pele ho kotulo ho potlakisa ripening.