Ethyl joala: akaretsang boitsebiso, mekgwa ya ba lokisetsa ho le tšebeliso

Alcohols - derivatives tsa hydrocarbons, ka molek'hule ea moo hydrogens le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ka go engwa legatong bakeng sa hydroxyl sehlopha (OH). Lower alcohols a qhibilihang ka har'a ka boholo bohle ka metsi. Ka alcohols acid theha esters. hydroxyl sehlopha ke hydrogen e ka nkeloa sebaka. Kahoo, tlas'a bohato la sodium tšepe alcoholates ba thehoa. Ka hydrolysis tshebetso alkoxides bola ho metsi le hydroxide sodium.

alcohols e ka sehloohong ea hantle oxidized ho theha aldehydes. Aldehydes - metsoako manyolo hore na lihlopha tse OH le se fa esters; putlama holim 'a ho kena moea ka ho eketsehileng le acid le liathomo carboxylic mmalwa. Nakong dehydration ba alcohols a fumana unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ka 'mele oa alcohols aliphatic ke ka kakaretso narcotic. Matla a liphello tsa joala itshetlehile thepa ea bona ea nama. Ha ho bapisoa le mono- kapa alcohols polyhydric hlokomela hore ketso ea bobeli e fokola, 'me ka linako tse ling esita le lahlehile, ke hore, ho eketseha palo ea lihlopha hydroxyl ka molek'hule ea ho fokotsa bohato diokobatsi Ka mohlala, glycerol ha e na appreciable lithethefatsi bohato.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea ethyl joala

Joala bo ka morero oa tsa bongaka li fumanoa ka ho belisoa ea tsoekere. Fermentable lik'habohaedreite li pepesa rye, litapole, poone, 'me thepa e' ngoe semela. Hona joale, palo ya mekhahlelo e tsebahalang lipakeng tsa belisoa tahang. Boitsebisong distillery o tlang (litapole le joaloka) di pele hlatsoa ho tloha lefatšeng 'me a seretse,' me ka nako eo kenngoa ka e khethehileng Infusion setshelo, e leng hlahisa mouoane le tlas'a khatello ka atmospheres tse peli kapa tse tharo. Starch, e litapole, kahoo fetoha ho peista ea. Le boima sephetho le e fetisoa ho setoto tun ho le matla le ho na le e susumetsang e folisoa ho likhato 50. Ena e phaella ka ho re ho 'mela ka concentrations ho fihlela ho 10% ka boima ba' mele ea litapole. 'Mela harese tsoele pele ho mela lokisitseng. Ka tshebetso ya ho tsoele pele ho mela ea harese ka khoahlapisitseng ke sebopeho le bokella enzyme, e 'ngoe ea tseo ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale amylase. The potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale hydrolyzes le starch ho maltose. Joale, tlas'a tšusumetso ea maltose potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale invertase e fetoloa e mahareng ea metsi ho tsoekere ea phaellana. susumetsoa qetela Zymase sokolohela ethanol le ho lokolloa ha carbon dioxide. tshebetso ho nkoa ka ho feletseng ha ho iphetola ha lintho tsa carbon diokisda fediswa. The mokelikeli sephetho le e bitsoa ho hlaha setoto, eo na le ka bang 18% joala le intermediates tse fapa-fapaneng belisoa - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde ea acetate), alcohols phahameng, esters, joalo-joalo Ka mor'a moo, setoto e tlas'a distillation. Ntlha ea pele, ka motsoako le dikahare e joala ba ka bang 70%, joale e ntan'o ba boemo ba bobeli e ile ea eketseha ho ea 96%. Ethyl joala ile fetisitswe tlhoekiso ea ho qetela ka ho butswe mashala.

Moruong molemo ho lokisetsa maiketsetso joala - ethylene, eo tlas'a bohato la sulphate acid e fana sulfatnoetilovy phenylate bola tlas'a bohato la metsi le ethyl joala ho acid e sa sulphate. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ho noa joala ho ka tsa maiketsetso tloha acetylene. Bakeng sa morero ona, acetylene ile ba feta har'a e tharollo ea metsi ya sulphate acid e ka ho ba teng ha sethothetsi, ho khomarelang metsi feta ka ethanal. The aldehyde e distilled tloha 'me e fokotsehile ka haedrojene ho joala. mahloriso joala e bontšitsoeng ka likhato, mohlala, 33 °, 40 °. likhato tsena li bontša kamoo ba modumo boholo ba joala tse diyuniti 100 bukeng ea tharollo.

Ho na le tsena tse latelang joala limaraka:

- tala (92-95 °), insufficiently tlosoa oli fusel le aldehydes;

- phosollwa (95-96 °), hoo e batlang e sa lefelloeng ea litšila;

- ka ho feletseng - hoo e batlang e anhydrous;

- denatured - joala e tala, ho tse eketsa pyridine tsa tlhaho nitrogenous botlaaseng; E sebediswa bakeng sa merero ea indasteri le e ruuoang.

Ethyl joala - Inflammable bonaletsang mokelikeli le ba ikutloa ka tsela nke lehlakore, monko le joala le tukang tatso. joala bo hloekileng ke e ntle manyolo solvent. ethanol segokanyipalo itšetlehile ka ea mahloriso ea eona tharollo (mohlala, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

Ho sebelisoa ha ethanol

Decreases kapa bolaea microorganisms, haholo-holo ka concentrations holimo 60-70%. Lithethefatsi activates tshilo ya dijo, reflexively kgothaletsa mosebetsi oa setsi sa matšoafo le pelo bakeng sa ho fainting. Kwa sebediswa e le sebolaya ditwatsi ka, halefisang, e tsidifatso le khathollang ho phekola chesa (Ke lengolo la le II) e bolela.