Manonyeletso batho. Mefuta manonyello batho

lesapo batho ke e le thata hore ke khone ho mamella dikilogeramo ka bang 10 tse sekete, empa ha e le masapo entsoe ka tiileng lesapo le 'ngoe feela, mokhatlo oa rōna e ne e tla ba ke ke ha khoneha. Nature e rarolla bothata bona ka hore feela ho arola masapo la masapo a ka a mangata 'me manonyello a bōpiloe - sebaka seo ho sona masapo kopana.

manonyeletso batho phetha haholo e mosebetsi oa bohlokoa. Thanks ho bona, masapo, meno le lefufuru la 'mele ba ikopanya le mong ho e mong.

Mefuta manonyello batho

Ba ka classified ya ka dipehelo tsa tshebetso:

Kopanetsoeng hore thibela motsamao, e tsejoang e le synarthrosis. Sutures lehata le gomfos (soedininenie meno lehata) ke mehlala synarthrosis. The dikgokelo pakeng tsa masapo a bitsa syndesmosis pakeng lefufuru - sinhordrozami, lesapo - sintostozami. Synarthrosis thehoa ka tsela dinama tse nyenyane tse connective.

Amphiarthrosis dumella mokhatlo oa nyenyane ea masapo e kopanetsoeng. Mehlala amphiarthrosis ke discs intervertebral le symphysis dikahlolo.

Oa boraro tshebetso sehlopha sa - svobodnopodvizhnye diarthrosis. Ba na le mefuta e fapaneng phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea libaesekopo. Mehlala: elbows, mangole, mahetleng le manonyeletso. Hoo e ka bang kamehla ke manonyeletso mokelikeling.

batho manonyeletso ya marapo ka boela ka classified ke sebopeho bona (e lintho tse bonahalang tse tse di qapa):

manonyeletso Fibrous li entsoe ka masela tenyetseheng collagen. Tsena ke manonyeletso ea lehata le kopanetsoeng hore connects ho ulna le radius ea forearm hammoho.

manonyeletso Cartilaginous li entsoe ka lefufuru batho eo tlama masapo hammoho. Mehlala ea metsoako joalo ke manonyello pakeng tsa likhopo le khopo lefufuru, 'me pakeng tsa disks intervertebral.

Mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo - mokelikeling kopanetsoeng - sebaka e tletse mokelikeli pakeng tsa ea lipheletsong tsa masapo linkable. E pota-potiloe ke komiki thata tsa teteaneng connective dinama tse nyenyane tse, koahetsoe ke lera mokelikeling. The lera mokelikeling, e entsoe ka komiki e, mokelikeling mokelikeli hlahisa e oli, eo mosebetsi - ho loetsa litsepe e kopanetsweng, ho fokotsa khohlano le apara'ng.

Ho na le litlelase tsa 'maloa manonyello mokelikeling Ka mohlala, ellipsoidal, ginglymoid, saddle e bōpehileng joaloka le chitja.

manonyeletso Ellipsoidal ya kokangana lesapo le boreleli 'me lumella ba ho lelemela habonolo feela nakong e fetileng e mong le tse ling tse ka tsela efe kapa efe.

manonyeletso Trochlear, tse kang litsoeng le lengole la motho le ho fokotsa mokhatlo oa ka tataiso e 'ngoe e le feela hore angle pakeng tsa masapo ka eketsa kapa fokotseha. Limited mokhatlo oa ka manonyello ginglymoid fana matla ho feta 'me matla a ea masapo, mesifa le ligaments.

manonyeletso saddle, tse kang pakeng tsa ea pele metacarpal lesapo le trapezoid lesapo, lumella ho potoloha masapo likhato 360.

Mahetla le noka motho - feela chitja manonyeletso 'meleng. Ba na le bolokolohi fapaneng ya tshisinyo, ke bona ba feela hore a ka le sokolohe a selekane lona. Leha ho le joalo, lebaka la ho hloka manonyello chitja ke hore mahala fapaneng ya tshisinyo etsa hore ba ho feta bonolo hore dislocation, ho feta ka tlaase ho moo selefouno manonyeletso batho. Libakeng tsena ho na le hangata e robehile.

Mefuta e meng ea manonyello batho mokelikeling tlameha ho nkoa e ka thoko.

ginglymoid kopanetsoeng

manonyeletso Trochlear tse mokelikeling sehlopha sa. Sena leqaqailaneng, lengole le litsoeng monna. Hangata ginglymoid kopanetsoeng - e tetemang ea masapo a mabeli kapa ho feta, moo ba ileng ba ka feela lula a selekane 'ngoe le hore a khopamise kapa otlolla.

The trochlear manonyeletso e bonolo ka ho fetisisa 'meleng - interphalangeal, ba pakeng tsa phalanges tsa menoana.

Kaha ofisi bona boima ba banyenyane le matla a ho phetha molao feela, ba ile ba akarelletsa ho lintho tse bonahalang e le 'ngoe le e nyenyane mokelikeling lithapo tse eketsehileng bakeng sa matlafatso. E mong le e bone bone koahetsoeng ka boreleli lera tšesaane tsa lefufuru hyaline, o ne a rerile ho fokotsa khohlano ka manonyeletso. Bones ba boetse ba pota-potiloe ke komiki thata tsa fibrous connective dinama tse nyenyane tse, koahetsoe ke lera mokelikeling.

Sebōpeho sa manonyeletso a batho ke kamehla fapaneng. Ka mohlala, litsoeng kopanetsoeng e eketsehileng rarahaneng thehoa pakeng tsa humerus, radius le ulna masapo a forearm ena. Litsoeng tlas'a e haholo ho feta laeloa ho feta manonyeletso tsa menoana, ka hona e na le ligaments maloa matla le tse ling tse dibopeho buka e ikhethang lesapo eo matlafatsa sebopeho lona.

Ulnar le ligaments radial thusa 'ne amanang ulna le radius le ho matlafatsa manonyeletso. Meomo hape bopilwe manonyeletso 'maloa tse khōlō trochlear.

Joalo litsoeng leqaqailaneng kopanetsoeng e teng pakeng tsa kgolo le tse nyenyane masapo tibia ka leoto tlaase le talus lesapo leoto. Makala a phahameng tibia fibula Ho thehoa ho pota masatsoana talus sekotjana ho fokotsa motsamao oa leoto la hammoho le selekane le 'ngoe. A mane mangata eketsehileng, ho akarelletsa le deltoid e, fasten masapo le ho matlafatsa e kopanetsoeng, ho boloka boima ba 'mele.

Located pakeng tsa serope le leoto tibia le fibula tibia, lengole kopanetsoeng - kholo ka ho fetisisa le rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ginglymoid kopanetsoeng ka 'mele oa motho.

Litsoeng le leqaqailaneng human anatomy ba tšoanang, ba ile ba ba atisa ho fetisisa o ile a pepesa ho tabanan.

manonyeletso ellipsoidal

Ellipsoidal kopanetsoeng, tsejoang hape e le a bataletseng, ke mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo oa manonyeletso mokelikeling. Di thehoa haufi lesapo la, le boreleli kapa hoo e ka bang boreleli holim'a. manonyeletso tsena kgontsha masapo ho Slide ka tataiso efe kapa efe - ea holimo le tlaase, setse le letona, diagonally.

Ka lebaka la ho sebopeho lona ellipsoidal tenyetsehang manonyeletso, 'me mokhatlo oa bona e felle feela (ho thibela likotsi). manonyeletso Ellipsoidal koahetsoe sinovalnoy lera hore hlahisa mokelikeli e sebeletsang ho loetsa litsepe e kopanetsweng.

Fetisisa manonyeletso ellipsoidal ba masapo appendicular pakeng tsa masapo carpal tsa wrist e, pakeng tsa wrist kopanetsoeng le letsoho metacarpal masapo pakeng tsa masapo leqaqailaneng.

sehlopha se seng sa manonyeletso ellipsoidal teng pakeng tsa lifahleho tsa vertebrae mashome a mabeli a metso e tšeletseng ka manonyeletso intervertebral. dikgokelo tsena re lumella ho mene, senoleha le potoloha le 'mele, ha ho boloka matla a mokokotlo e tshehetsa boima ba' mele 'me ho sireletsa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo.

manonyeletso condylar

Ho na le ke mofuta ofe arohaneng manonyello ellipsoidal - condylar kopanetsoeng. E ka nkoa e mmuisi foromo tloha mofuta trochlear kopanetsoeng ho ellipsoid ena. From trochlear kopanetsoeng condylar tšoauoa ka ho se tšoane kgolo ka sebopeho le boholo ba bokaholimo ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, ho fellang ka mokhatlo oa ka khoneha ho pota lilepe tse peli. From ellipsoidal kopanetsoeng condylar lihlooho tsa articular maloa a fapaneng.

saddle kopanetsoeng

Saddle kopanetsoeng ke mofuta manonyello mokelikeling, moo e mong oa lesapo e bōpehileng joaloka le saddle le masapo a mang e itšetlehile ka e, e le mopalami oa pere.

manonyeletso saddle tenyetsehang ho feta chitja kapa ellipsoidal.

Mohlala molemo ka ho fetisisa ya saddle 'mele e kopanetsoeng ke carpometacarpal'moho le o motona, e leng thehoa pakeng tsa trapezoid lesapo le pele metacarpal masapo. Ka mohlala ona, ho trapezoid bopa sebaka lekaneng, tseo pele metacarpal lesapo lula. Carpometacarpal kopanetsoeng dumella kgolo monoana oa motho o bonolo ho ho kgothaletsa le tse ling tse menoana e mene ea letsoho. Thumb, ya e le hantle, ntho ea bohlokoa haholo ho rōna re le e lumella letsoho la rona ka tieo utloisisa beha dintho le ho sebedisa tse ngata tsa lithulusi.

arthrodia

Bolo manonyeletso ke sehlopha sa khethehileng manonyello mokelikeling eo e be le tokoloho phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa mokhatlo oa 'meleng ka lebaka la ho sebopeho bona e ikhethang. Hip kopanetsoeng le mahetla kopanetsoeng ke motho feela chitja ka 'mele oa motho.

Metsoako tse peli tsa sehlooho tsa chitja kopanetsoeng: lesapo le hlooho chitja le lesapo le phomotse kopi e bōpehileng joaloka. Nahana ka mahetla e kopanetsoeng. human anatomy batho e joalo hore hlooho chitja tsa humerus (ka holimo letsoho lesapo) ho tlakoloha ka cavity'moho le lehare. Glenoid cavity - ke tse nyenyane le tse sa tebang lipokothong, ka lebaka leo ka mahetla kopanetsoeng fapaneng e khōlō ea mokhatlo oa ka 'mele oa motho. E pota-potiloe ke lesale la hyaline lefufuru, tse tenyetsehang, matla masapo, ha mesifa - rotator cuff - tšoara humerus hara cavity ena.

The noka e kopanetsoeng ke hanyenyane ka tlase selefouno feta lehetleng, empa e matla le ea tsitsitseng haholoanyane kopanetsoeng. Tlatsetso noka botsitso ho hlokahala hore ho mamella boima ba 'mele ka maoto a ka ka ho etsa mesebetsi e kang ho tsamaea, ho matha' me joalo-joalo. D.

The noka kopanetsoeng lekaneng, hoo e ka bang chitja hlooho ea femur (serope lesapo) thata ho acetabulum, e phomotse tebileng ka lesapo pelvic. Ba bangata ba ligaments thata le mesifa tšoara hlooho femoral sebakeng 'me re hanele tsitsipano matla ka ho fetisisa ho' mele. Acetabulum le thibela dislocation ea noka, lesapo e thibelang mokhatlo oa ka hare ho eona.

Ka lebaka la ka holimo, u ka etsa tafole e nyenyane. Sebōpeho sa manonyeletso batho kenyeletsa e tla ha ho joalo. Ho joalo, ka lenaneng la pele la tafole le boletsweng mofuta kopanetsoeng, sa bobeli le la boraro - mehlala le libaka tsa bona, ka ho latellana.

manonyeletso e motho: tafole

mofuta kopanetsoeng	mehlala manonyello	hokae
ginglymoid	Lengole, litsoeng, leqaqailaneng. Human anatomy ba bang ba bona ba e fanoeng ka tlaase mona.	Knee - pakeng tsa femoral, tibial le patella masapo; ulnar - pakeng tsa humerus, ulna le radius; leqaqailaneng - pakeng tsa tibia le maoto.
ellipsoidal	Intervertebral manonyeletso; manonyeletso pakeng phalanges ena.	Pakeng tsa lifahleho tsa vertebrae ea; pakeng tsa phalanges tsa menoana ea maoto le matsoho.
globular	Hip le manonyellong a lehetla. human anatomy batho lefang mofuta ona hloko kopanetsoeng.	Pakeng tsa femur le pelvic lesapo; pakeng tsa humerus le scapula.
saddle-bopehileng	Carpometacarpal.	Pakeng tsa trapezoid lesapo le pele metacarpal masapo.

Ho etsa hore ho hlaka le ho feta hore na ke karolo manonyeletso batho, hlalosa ka ho eketsehileng ho bona.

litsoeng

Elbows human anatomy batho eo e se e ho boletsoe, hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng.

Litsoeng - e mong oa manonyeletso rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa tsa 'mele oa motho. Ho Ho thehoa pakeng tsa qetellong distal tsa humerus sa (ho toba hore ho feta, articular bokaholimo lona - le literata le condyle), mahlaseli a kotsi le trochlear go tloga fao ditsopolwa ulna le masapo radial articular hlooho le periphery lona. Ho na le manonyeletso a mararo hang-hang: brachioradialis, humeroulnar le proximal radioulnar.

Humeroulnar kopanetsoeng e teng pakeng tsa trochlear hapa ya ulna le ea le literata (e kopanetsweng holim'a) ya humerus ena. Sena se amana le trochlear kopanetsoeng le e uniaxial.

Brachioradialis condyle kopanetsoeng thehoa pakeng tsa humerus le hlooho ea humerus ena. Motsamao oa e kopanetsweng entsoe ka tse peli tse lilepe.

Promaksimalny radioulnar connects radial seha le ulna le sedikiso kopanetsoeng tsa hlooho radial. O ile a boela uniaxial.

The litsoeng na mokhatlo oa lateral. Ka kakaretso, ho ho nkoa e trochlear kopanetsoeng le helical sebopeho phonyohe.

Moholo ka ho fetisisa karolong e ka holimo ea 'mele li nkoa ho elbows. Meomo hape bopilwe manonyeletso, e leng feela ho ka se bolella.

noka

kopanetsoeng ena e teng pakeng tsa acetabulum ea noka ea le femur (hlooho ea hae).

hlooho ena e koahetsoe le hyaline lefufuru hoo e ka bang ho pholletsa le, ntle le bakeng sa fovea ena. Acetabulum Hape, koahetsoeng ka lefufuru, empa feela ka holim 'a lunate le setseng koahetsoeng sinovalnoy lera.

Bakeng sa noka e kopanetsoeng ke mangata joalo: sciatic-femoral, iliac, femoral, dikahlolo-femoral, chitja sebakeng, hammoho le e tetemang ea hlooho femoral.

Iliac-femoral ligament simoloha ho ea botlaaseng ba le anterior phahametse iliac lesapo le e qetella ka mola intertrochanteric. ligament ena ho akarelletsa ho boloka 'mele o ka maemo a lokileng.

Next tetemang sciatic-femoral, qala ka lesapo ischial le lohiloeng ka komiki ea noka kopanetsoeng.

Hanyenyane e phahameng ka holimo a tsa lesapo dikahlolo, qala dikahlolo-femoral ligament, e phallang ho theosa ho ea noka lenonyeletso.

Ka hare ka boeona e kopanetsoeng ke e tetemang ea hlooho femoral. Qala ho e hapa, ka ho parola acetabular ligament le e qetella ka sekoting sa hlooho femoral.

Sebaka chitja Ho thehoa ka sekgoqetsane: e khomaretse pele e ka tlaase ea ilium le potolohileng molala oa femur ena.

Hip le manonyellong a lehetla ke feela bolo e bōpehileng joaloka ka 'mele oa motho.

lengole-kopanetsoeng

kopanetsoeng ena e na le masapo a mararo: ho patella, qetellong distal tsa femur le qetellong proximal tsa tibia ena.

lengole lenonyeletso khomaretse ho molekeng oa tibial e, femoral lesapo le patella. Bakeng sa femur e khomaretse tlas'a epicondyle ena. Ka tsepamisitsoeng tibial articular holim'a ka bohale, 'me ho o khomaretse ho patella komiki e le hore ka pele lona kaofela holim' a kopanetsoeng e le hona teng.

Mangata a kopanetsoeng hona ka aroloa lihlopha tse peli: vnekapsulnye le intracapsular. Hape ka kopanetsoeng ho na le mahlakore a mabeli - tibial le fibular peeletso ligaments.

leqaqailaneng kopanetsoeng

E thehoa ka thuso ea articular holim 'a talus le bokaholimo articular ea lipheletsong distal tsa fibula le tibia.

Lenonyeletso hoo e ka bang ho pholletsa le o khomaretse bohale ba articular lefufuru le tloha moo 'ho eona feela holim'a pel'a talus ena. Ka bokaholimo lehlakoreng ho eona ligaments kopanetsoeng.

The deltoid, kapa medial ligament, e na le likarolo tse 'maloa:

- kamorao tibio-thulana, bohale ka morao e pakeng tsa malleolus medial le morao medial tsa talus ea;

- tibialis anterior-thulana, e teng pakeng tsa ka bohale pel'a malleolus medial le posteromedial holim 'a talus ea;

- tibio-serethe karolo fetela le ho tswa malleolus medial ho tšehetso talus;

- tibio-navicular karolo, ho e simoloha ho tloha malleolus medial le e qetella ka morao holim 'a ba lesapo navicular.

Next ligament peroneal-calcaneal, fetela ho tloha holim 'ka ntle tsa malleolus lateral ho holim lateral ea molala oa talus ena.

Haufi le ka pele fetileng bolokwa talo-fibular ligament - pakeng tsa bohale pel'a malleolus lateral le lateral holim 'a molala oa talus ena.

Le ea ho qetela, ka morao talo-fibular ligament simoloha ka kamorao thōko tsa malleolus lateral le e qetella ka tubercle lateral ea ho talus.

Ka kakaretso, ho leqaqailaneng kopanetsoeng ke mohlala trochlear le tshisinyo helical.

Kahoo joale re na le e le maikutlo a ho etsa se manonyeletso batho. Human anatomy manonyeletso e thata ho feta ho sa utloahaleng, 'me u ka bona bakeng sa hao.