Sebopeho, Lik'holeje le liunivesithi
Machaba Nomenclature tsa alkanes. Alkanes: sebopeho, thepa
Ho tla ba molemo ho qala ka ho hlalosa mohopolo oa alkanese. Tsena ke li -hydrocarbon, liperefine tse tletseng metsi kapa tse ngata . Ho ka boela ha boleloa hore tsena ke li-carbone tseo motsoako oa liathomo tsa C li etsoang ka litlamo tse bonolo. Tsela e tloaelehileng e na le foromo: CnH₂n + 2.
Hoa tsebahala hore karolelano ea palo ea liathomo tsa H le C li molek'hule ea tsona e ntlafatsoa ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling. Ka lebaka la hore li-valence tsohle li na le C kapa H, lik'hemik'hale tsa alkanese ha li hlalosoe ka ho hlaka, kahoo lentsoe la bobeli ke lentsoe le phethiloeng kapa le tletseng li-hydrocarbon.
Ho boetse ho na le lebitso le seng le leholo, le leng le letle le bontšang lik'hemik'hale tse amanang le tsona - liperefine, tseo ka phetolelo li bolelang "ho se na bonngoe".
Ka hona, sehlooho sa puisano ea rona ea kajeno ke: "Alkans: lihlopha tsa homology, nomenclature, sebopeho, sebopeho". Lintlha mabapi le thepa ea bona ea 'mele li tla boela li hlahisoe.
Alkans: mohaho, nomenclature
Ho tsona, liathomo tsa C li boemong bo kang sp3-hybridization. Mabapi le sena, molek'hule ea alkane e ka bontšoa e le setho sa mehaho ea tetrahedral C e sa amaneng feela, empa hape le H.
Pakeng tsa liathomo C le H ho na le li-bond tse matla, tse tlaase haholo. Liathomo tse pota-potileng litlamo tse bonolo li lula li potoloha, e le hore limolek'hule tsa alkanese li nke mefuta e fapa-fapaneng, ka bolelele ba kgokahanyo, sebaka se pakeng tsa tsona - litekanyetso tsa kamehla. Mefuta e fetolelanang ka lebaka la ho potoloha ha molek'hule e hlahang ho pota-šo-tlamo, ho tloaelehile ho e bitsa likamano.
Nakong ea pokello ea athomo ea H ho tloha molek'hule e nang le potso, li-particle tse 1-valent, tse bitsoang li-radical hydrocarbon, li thehoa. Li bonahala e le ka lebaka la lik'hemik'hale tsa li- organic, empa li boetse li na le metsoako e mengata. Haeba re nka liathomo tse 2 tsa haedrojene ho tswa ho molek'hule ea mocheso oa hydrocarbon, joale re fumana radicals e 2-valent.
Ka hona, lebitso la li-alkanese le ka ba:
- Radial (tlhaho ea khale);
- Mofani (oa machaba, oa ts'ebetso). E hlahisoa ke IUPAC.
Likarolo tsa nomenclature ea radial
Ntlheng ea pele, lebitso la nomenclature la alkanese le khetholloa ke tse latelang:
- Ho hlahlojoa ha li-hydrocarbon e le lihlahisoa tsa methane, eo ho eona e 'ngoe kapa liathomo tse' maloa li nkeloang sebaka ke li-radicals.
- Tekanyo e phahameng ea boiketlo tabeng ea ho se rarahaneng haholo.
Likarolo tsa Nomenclature e Ncha
Alkane nomenclature e na le lintlha tse latelang:
- Lebitso la lebitso lena ke ketane ea 1 ea carbon, ha lihlahisoa tse setseng tsa limolek'hule li nkoa e le li-substitents.
- Ka pel'a li-radicals tse tšoanang, pele lebitso la bona le bontšoa palo (ka ho toba ka mantsoe), 'me linomoro tse kholo li aroloa ke li-commas.
Khemistri: nomenclature ea alkanes
Bakeng sa boiketlo, tlhahisoleseding e hlahisoa ka mokhoa oa tafole.
Lebitso la lintho | Motheo oa lebitso (motso) | Tlhahlobo ea molek'hule | Lebitso la moemeli oa carbon | Mochine oa phetoho oa carbon |
Methane | Met- | CH₄ | Methyl | CH3 |
Ethan | Et- | C₂H₆ | Ethyl | C₂H₅ |
Propane | Prop- | C₃H₈ | O tahiloe | C₃H₇ |
Bhutan | Empa- | C₄H₁₀ | Butyl | C₄H₉ |
Pentane | Pent- | C₅H₁₂ | Pentyl | C₅H₁₁ |
Hexane | Hex- | C₆H₁₄ | Hexil | C₆H₁₃ |
Heptane | Hept- | C₇H₁₆ | Heptyl | C₇H₁₅ |
Oktan | Octo- | C₈H₁₈ | Octyl | C₈H₁₇ |
E seng | Non- | C₉H₂₀ | Nonil | C₉H₁₉ |
Mohlomphehi | Dec- | C₁₀H₂₂ | Etsa qeto | C₁₀H₂₁ |
Nomenclature e ka holimo ea alkanese e kenyelletsa mabitso a hlahileng historing (litho tse 4 tsa pele tsa lik'hemik'halone tsa motlakase).
Mabitso a alkanese a sa sebelisoang ka liathomo tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa C li thehiloe lipalo tsa Segerike, tse bontšang palo e fanoeng ea liathomo tsa C. Kahoo, sekhetho-se bontša hore ntho e tsoa ho metsoako e mengata e tletseng.
Ha mabitso a alkanese a sebelisitsoeng a thehoa, ketane e ka sehloohong e khethoa hore e na le nomoro e kholo ea liathomo tsa C. E baloa e le hore ba nkang karolo e be ba nomoro e tlaase ka ho fetisisa. Tabeng ea liketane tse peli kapa tse fetang tsa bolelele bo lekanang, e kholo ke eona e nang le palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ba nkang sebaka.
Isomerism ea alkanes
Joalo ea hydrocarbon, motsoali oa lihlopha tsa bona ke methane CH₄. Ka moemeli e mong le e mong ea latellanang oa letoto la methane, ho na le phapang ho tloha ho e fetileng ho sehlopha sa methylene - CH . Ho tloaeleha hona ho ka fumanoa ka har'a mefuta eohle ea alkanese.
Setsebi sa Lejeremane Schiel o ile a fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bitsa letoto lena homologous. Ka Segerike, e bolela "e tšoanang, e tšoanang."
Ka hona, lihlopha tsa homologous ke lihlopha tse amanang le metsoako e nang le sebopeho se tšoanang le lik'hemik'hale tse tšoanang. Li-homologue ke litho tsa lihlooho tsena. Phapang ea homological ke sehlopha sa methylene, seo 2 li-homologues tse haufi le tsona li fapaneng.
Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho hlophisoa ha leha e le efe ea hydrocarbon e phethehileng ho ka bontšoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa CnH₂n + 2. Ka hona, setho se latelang sa lihlopha tsa homologous ke methane-C₂H следующим. Ho fokotsa sebopeho sa sona ho tloha methane, ho hlokahala hore u nkele athomo ea 1 H le CH3 (setšoantšo se ka tlase).
Sebopeho sa setho se seng le se seng sa homologue se ka tlosoa ho se fetileng ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Ka lebaka leo, ethane e hlahisa propane - C₃H₈.
Li-isomere ke eng?
Tsena ke lintho tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tsa molek'hule (e tšoanang le molecular formula), empa e fapane le lik'hemik'hale, hammoho le ho ba le lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Li-hydrocarbon tse boletsoeng ka holimo li fapane ka tsela e le 'ngoe: -0.5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. Mofuta ona oa se-isomerism o bitsoa 'mele o motlakase oa masapo a' mele, o bua ka mofuta oa moralo.
Palo ea li-isomere tsa moralo li hōla ka potlako ka ho eketseha ha palo ea liathomo tsa carbon. Ka tsela eo, C₁₀H₂₂ e tla lekana le li-isomeres tse 75 (eseng ho kenyeletsa libaka), le li-isomers tsa C₁₅H₃₂ 4347 li se li tsebahala, bakeng sa C₂₀H₄₂ e 366 319.
Kahoo, ho ile ha hlaka hore na li-alkan, li-series tsa homologous, isomerism, nomenclature. Hona joale ke nako ea ho fetela ho melao ea ho bokella mabitso bakeng sa IUPAC.
Nomenclature IUPAC: melao ea ho thehoa ha mabitso
Ntlha ea pele, ho hlokahala hore u fumane ketane ea carbon ka mohaho oa hydrocarbon, e leng nako e telele ka ho fetisisa 'me e na le palo e kholo ea libaka tse ling. Ebe ho hlokahala hore ho baloe liathomo tsa C tsa ketane, ho tloha qetellong eo mo e nkang sebaka a le haufi haholo.
Ntlha ea bobeli, motheo ke lebitso la li-hydrocarbon tse se nang metsi tse sa koaloang, tseo ketane ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e lumellanang le palo ea liathomo tsa C.
Ntlha ea boraro, pele ho hlokahala hore ho bontšoe palo ea likheo tse haufi le moo li-substitents li leng teng. Li lateloa ke ho ipolela le mabitso a baemeli.
Ntlha ea bone, tabeng ea boteng ba li-atomente tse sa tšoaneng tsa C, li-lock li ikopanya, pele lebitso leo le hlaha sepakapaka se atolosang: di - bakeng sa li-substituents tse peli tse tšoanang, tse tharo ho tse tharo, li-tetra-nne, lipente tse hlano, joalo-joalo. E lokela ho arohanngoa ho e mong le e mong ka lihlahisoa, le ho tloha mantsoeng - ka ho ipolela.
Haeba athomo e tšoanang ea C e na le li-substituents tse peli hang-hang, lokant e boetse e tlalehiloe habeli.
Ho ea ka melao ena, lebitso la machaba la alkanese le thehoa.
Projections ea Newman
Setsebi sena sa Maamerika o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea mekhoa e khethehileng ea ho qaptjoa-e leng sepheo sa Newman-bakeng sa pontšo e hlakileng ea lipapiso. Li lumellana le mefuta ea A le B 'me e bontšoa ho setšoantšo se ka tlaase.
Boemong ba pele, sena ke khopolo e entsoeng ka A, ha boemong ba bobeli ke B-e thibelitsoe. Sebakeng sa A, liathomo tsa H li fumaneha karolong e nyane ho e mong. Foromo ena e lumellana le boleng bo boholo ba matla, hobane ts'ebetso pakeng tsa tsona e kholo. Ena ke boemo bo sa amoheleheng ka matla, ka lebaka la hore molek'hule e tlohela ho e tlohela ebe e ea sebakeng se tsitsitseng B. Mona, liathomo tsa H li le hole haholo. Ka hona, phapang ea matla ea libaka tsena ke 12 kJ / mol, ka lebaka la hore ho potoloha mahala ho pota-potileng molek'hule ea ethane e kopanyang lihlopha tsa methyl ho fumanoa e sa lekana. Ka mor'a ho oela sebakeng se setle, molek'hule o lieha moo, ka mantsoe a mang, "o fokotseha". Ke kahoo e bitsoang ho thibeloa. Phello - limolek'hule tse likete tse 10 tsa li-ethane li koetlisitsoe tlas'a maemo a mocheso. E le 'ngoe feela e na le foromo e fapaneng - e shebisitsoeng.
Ho fumana likhahla tsa li-hydrocarbon
Ho tloha sehloohong seo se se se tsebahala hore tsena ke alkanes (mohaho, lebitso la bona le hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng pejana). Ho tla ba molemo ho nahana ka litsela tsa ho li fumana. Li abeloa ho tsoa linthong tsa tlhaho tse kang oli, khase ea tlhaho , khase e kopantsoeng, mashala. Mekhoa ea metsoako e boetse e sebelisoa. Ka mohlala, H₂ 2H₂:
- Mokhoa oa hydrogenation oa hydrocarbon e saaturated : CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
- Ho tsoa motsoako oa monoxide C le H - synthesis gas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
- Har'a li-carboxylic acids (matsoai a bona): electrolysis holim'a anode, ka thoko:
- Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
- Ho hlaphoheloa ka metsi (alloy le alkali): CH3COONa + NaOH (t) → CH₄ + Na₂CO .
- Ho qhibiliha ha oli: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + Cn-mH₂ (nm).
- Gasification ea oli (e tiileng): C + 2H₂ → CH .
- Tlhahiso ea li-alkanese tse rarahaneng (li-derivatives tse halogenate) tse nang le liathomo tse seng kae tsa C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH3- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
- Ho qhibiliha ka metsi a methanide (carbides ea tšepe): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.
Matlo a Kelello a Li-carrobone Tse Hlahelang
Bakeng sa boiketlo, lintlha li arotsoe tafoleng.
Molaetsa | Alcan | Ntho e qhibilihisang ka ° C | Sebaka se belang ka ° C | Botenya, g / ml |
CH₄ | Methane | -183 | -162 | 0.415 ka t = -165 ° C |
C₂H₆ | Ethan | -183 | -88 | 0.561 ho t = -100 ° C |
C₃H₈ | Propane | -188 | -42 | 0.583 ka t = -45 ° C |
N-C₄H₁₀ | N-Butane | -139 | -0.5 | 0.579 ho t = 0 ° C |
2-Methylpropane | - 160 | - 12 | 0.557 ka t = -25 ° C | |
2,2-Dimethyl-propane | - 16 | 9.5 | 0.613 | |
N-C₅H₁₂ | N-pentane | -130 | 36 | 0.626 |
2-Methylbutane | - 160 | 28 | 0.620 | |
N-C₆H₁₄ | N-Hexane | - 95 | 69 | 0.660 |
2-Methylpentane | - 153 | 62 | 0.683 | |
N-C₇H₁₆ | N-Heptane |
- 91 | 98 | 0,683 |
n g-C₈H₁₈ | n g-Octane | - 57 | 126 | 0,702 |
2,2,3,3-tetra-methylbutane | - 100 | 106 | 0.656 | |
2,2,4-Trimethyl-pentane | - 107 | 99 | 0,692 | |
n g-C₉H₂₀ | n g-Nonane | - 53 | 151 | 0.718 |
n g-C₁₀H₂₂ | n g-decane | - 30 | 174 | 0,730 |
n g-C₁₁H₂₄ | n g-Undecane | - 26 | 196 ke | 0,740 |
n g-C₁₂H₂₆ | n g-Dodecane | - 10 | 216 | 0,748 |
n g-C₁₃H₂₈ | n g-tridecane | - 5 | 235 | 0.756 |
n g-C₁₄H₃₀ | n g-tetradecane | 6 | 254 | 0,762 |
n g-C₁₅H₃₂ | n g-pentadecane | 10 | 271 | 0,768 |
n g-C₁₆H₃₄ | n g-hexadecane | 18 | 287 | 0,776 |
n g-C₂₀H₄₂ | n g-eicosane | 37 | 343 | 0,788 |
n g-C₃₀H₆₂ | n g-Triakontan | 66 | 235 ka 1 limilimithara Hg. Article | 0,779 |
n g-C₄₀H₈₂ | n g-Tetrakontan | 81 | 260 ka 3 limilimithara Hg. Bonono. | |
n g-C₅₀H₁₀₂ | n g-Pentakontan | 92 | ka 420 15 limilimithara Hg. Bonono. | |
n g-C₆₀H₁₂₂ | n g-Geksakontan | 99 | ||
n g-C₇₀H₁₄₂ | n g-Geptakontan | 105 | ||
n g-C₁₀₀H₂₀₂ | n g-Gektan | 115 |
bofello
Sehlooho seo se ne ho nkoa ntho e joalo e ka alkanes (sebopeho, nomenclature, isomerism, homologous series joalo-joalo.). E re bolella ho se hokae ka lintho tse hlahang radial le tloswa nomenclatures. Mekhoa li hlalositsoe ho fumana alkanes.
Ho phaella moo, sehlooho se reng ho tse thathamisitsoeng ka ho qaqileng nomenclature kaofela alkanes (teko e ka re thusang ho assimilate litaba).
Similar articles
Trending Now