Liphoofolo mobung. baahi ba mobu le tlwaetsa bona tikolohong

Lefatše la rōna ha thehoa likhetla ka sehloohong a mane: sepakapaka, hydrosphere, biosphere le lithosphere. Kaofela ha bona ba haufi-ufi ya kokangana e le baemeli ba biospheric lefatše selateng - liphoofolo, limela, microorganisms - ka a eo ntle le eaba ba etsa dintho tse kang metsi le oksijene.

Hammoho le lithosphere e, sekoahelo sa eona mobu le dikarolo tse ding tebileng, a ke ke teng ka itšehla thajana. Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore re ke ke ra bona ka ho eona le ka mahlo, mobu e lieu nang haholo. Eo phelang feela libōpuoa tse ho lona ha a phela! Joaloka tse phelang efe kapa efe phelang, ba boetse ba hloka metsi le moea.

liphoofolo tse se phela mobung? Joang ba ama sebopeho sa eona 'me kamoo ho tloaela tikoloho e khahlang ee? Ka lipotso tsena le tse ling ha re leka ho araba sehloohong sena.

ke seo mobu?

Mobu - e feela pele-pele mehopolong, tebang haholo lera ya molao, lithosphere. botebo lona tsoela pota 1-1.5 limithara. Ebe qala mokato fapane ka ho feletseng seo phallo tlase ho lefatshe.

Ke hore, e ka holimo mobu o nonneng lera ea mobu - e ke sebaka sa bolulo haholo tsa dibopeho tse sa tšoaneng, boholo bo le mekhoa tsa lintho tse phelang le lijo le dimela. Mobu ke tikoloho ea liphoofolo ke a ruile haholo le tse fapa-fapaneng.

Sena se phetha karolo ea mehaho ea lithosphere ho fapana. Sebopeho sa lera mobu itšetlehile ka lintho tse ngata, haholo-holo ke maemo a ambient ea tikoloho. Ka hona, mefuta ea mobu (topsoil) Hape fapana:

1. Podzolic le sod-podzolic.
2. Black lefatše.
3. Sod.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-Bog.
6. Malts.
7. Floodplain.
8. Letsoai mokhoabo oo.
9. Gray morung-steppe.
10. Letsoai licks.

tlhophiso ena e fanoeng feela ka taba ea Russia. Linaheng tse ling, lik'honthinenteng, likarolong tse ling tsa lefatše ho na le mefuta e meng ea mobu (lehlabathe, letsopa, arctic tundra, humus, 'me kahoo ka).

Hape, kaofela ha mobu fapana ka lik'hemik'hale, mongobo le ho tlala moea. litsupa tsena fapana le itšetleha ka palo ea maemo a (ka mohlala, ho ama liphoofolo tse mobung, e leng tla tšohloa mona ka tlase).

Ho joang mobu le ba ba thusa hore ba ka see?

Tšimoloho ea mobu lebisa ho tloha bophelo bo bile teng polaneteng ena ea rōna. Ho ne ho thehoa tsamaiso ea phelang 'me a qala e le ea liehang, e tsoelang pele sebopeho le substrates intša nchafatsa mobu.

E Thehiloe ho ena e hlakileng, lintho tse phelang li phetha karolo ka sebopeho mobu. ha e le eng? Ha e le hantle, karolo ea ena e feela ho e lokisa ya dintho manyolo leng mobung, 'me matlafatso lona le likarolo matsoai. E boetse ke khoehla le ntlafatsa aeration. e ntle haholo ka eona ka 1763, o ile a ngola M. V. Lomonosov. E ne e le eena ea ileng a pele a etsa tlhahiso ea polelo ena e mobu Ho thehoa ka lebaka la lefu la libōpuoa phelang.

Ho phaella ho mesebetsi e etsoang ka liphoofolo le limela ka mobu holim'a metsi, e le ntho ea bohlokoa haholo ho thehoe topsoil ke lefika. Ho tswa ho mefuta e sa tsoaneng ea bona e tla ka kakaretso ba itšetlehile ka mofuta oa mobu.

Hape phetha karolo le lintlha abiotic :

• khanya;
• mongobo;
• mocheso.

Ka lebaka leo, mafika a sebetswa le tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha abiotic le microorganisms phelang mobung bola liphoofolo le dimela o hlola ka ho, ho fetola lintho tse ka manyolo ka diminerale le. Sena se fella ka mokato tse itseng tsa mofuta o nonneng mobu. Tabeng ena, liphoofolo tse phela tlasa fatše (mohlala, liboko, nematodes, moles) fana aeration lona, ke hore,, oksijene ho tlala. Sena se finyelloa ka a khoehla le ho e lokisa e tsoelang pele ea likaroloana mobu.

Liphoofolo le limela hammoho fa mobu taba manyolo. Microorganisms, protozoa, le unicellular li-fungus dimelametsing lintho tse bonahalang e sebetswa le fetoloa ho lakatsa mofuta o mong oa metsoako matsoai. Liboko, nematodes le liphoofolo tse ling hape ba feta har'a likaroloana mobu, ka tsela eo eaba ba etsa e manyolo manyolo - vermicompost.

Qetello ke hore mobu ba thehoa ho tswa majoe ka lebaka la nako e telele nako ea histori ea nako e le tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha abiotic le thuso fuwa liphoofolo le limela tse phelang ho 'ona.

Mobu e sa bonahaleng ea lefatše

A karolo ea e khōlō, eseng feela ka sebōpeho sa mobu, empa hape le ka bophelo ba libōpuoa tse ling tsohle tse phelang bapala libōpuoa tsa e nyenyane hore bopa kakaretso ea sa bonahaleng oa lefatše oa mobu. Ke mang ea tla ba akarelletsa eng?

Ntlha ea pele, le 'ngoe-e nang le sele dimelametsing, le li-fungus. Li-mushroom ka ho tsejoa Chytridiomycetes mafapha, Deuteromycetes le ba bang ba baemeli ba Zygomycetes. Leoatle lokela ho hlokomela fitoedafonov emetseng tala le e putsoa-tala dimelametsing. Boima kakaretso ea libōpuoa tsena ka hekthara ka nngwe 1 ea mobu e ka 3100 lik'hilograma.

Tabeng ya bobedi, tse ngata dikokwanyana, libaktheria le liphoofolo tsena ka mobu, e le bonolo. Le boima kakaretso ea tsamaiso ea phelang ka 1 ly ea mobu e ka 3100 lik'hilograma. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lintho tse phelang le 'ngoe-e nang le sele e fokotsehile ho sebetsa le li bole kapele' ea litlhaka kahare manyolo ea limela le liphoofolo e simolohe.

The atileng ka ho fetisisa ea lintho tsena e kenyeletsa:

• rotifers;
• mites;
• amoeba game;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• putsoa-tala dimelametsing;
• tala unicellular dimelametsing.

liphoofolo tse se phela mobung?

Ho baahi ba invertebrates mobu ke tse latelang:

1. Nyenyane crustaceans (Crustacea) - ka 40 lik'hilograma / hektare
2. Likokoanyana le larvae bona - lik'hilograma 1,000 / hektare
3. Nematodes le roundworms - 550 lik'hilograma / hektare
4. Likhofu le slugs - 40 lik'hilograma / hektare

liphoofolo tse joalo tse phelang mobung, e leng tsa bohlokoa haholo. bohlokoa ba 'ona e laolwang ke bokhoni ba ho feta ka makhapa mobu le Khotsofatsa ba le lintho tse phelang, eaba ba etsa vermicompost. karolo ea bona ea ho a khoehla mobu, ho ntlafatsa oksijene ho tlala 'me a bōpa voids tse tletseng moea le metsi, ka tsela eo ntlafatsa boleng le tsoalo ea lera ka holimo fatše.

Nahana ka seo liphoofolo tse phela mobung. Ba ka aroloa mefuta e 'meli:

• baahi ba ka ho sa feleng;
• phelang nakoana.

Bakeng sa badudi ka ho sa feleng ea liphoofolo tse anyesang vertebrate, emelang lefatšeng ea mobu a liphoofolo a, ke likhoto mole, voles mole, zokor le moles marsupial e. bohlokoa ba tsona ke ho boloka liketane phepelo, hobane di phelelang likokoanyana mobu, likhofu, clams, slugs, 'me joalo-joalo. Le se boleloang ke ea bobeli - o cheka litemana tse telele le matsoelintsoeke, e le hore mobu wetted le ntlafatsa le oksijene.

baahi ba nakoana, a emelang liphoofolo tsa mobu, e sebelisa feela setšabelo khutšoanyane, e le busa, e le sebaka seo a ka behang larvae le poloko ea bona. liphoofolo tsena li kenyeletsa:

• jerboa;
• bokotokwe;
• lipela;
• maleshoane;
• maphele;
• litoeba tse ling.

Dikamohelo baahi mobu

Ho phela joalo tikolohong e thata, mobu, liphoofolo lokela ho ba le tse 'maloa tsa dikamohelo khethehileng. Ka mor'a hore tsohle tsa litšobotsi tse 'meleng ea tse mahareng e tenya, thata le malokislorodnaya. Ho phaella moo, ho na le ho hang ha ho na khanya, le hoja ho na le e leka-lekaneng palo ya metsi. Ka tlhaho, u lokela ho ba khona ho tloaela ho maemo a joalo.

Ka hona, le liphoofolo tse phela mobung ka nako e telele (ka mokhoa oa ho dithulaganyo ho iphetola ha lintho) ke fumane likarolo tse latelang:

• boholo bo e metle ka ho fetisisa ho tlatsa libaka tse nyenyane pakeng tsa mobu likaroloana maphelong a bona ho na le bo mabothobotho ikutloe joang (libaktheria, protozoa, libaktheria, rotifers, crustaceans);
• 'mele tenyetsehang le musculature matla haholo - Melemo bakeng sa mokhatlo oa mobung (le liboko segmented potoloha);
• bokhoni ba ho monya oksijene qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a kapa ho hema ho pholletsa le holim 'mele (libaktheria, nematodes);
• bophelo ka potoloho e bopilweng ka ba sethaleng larval, e leng nakong eo e hloka ha khanya kapa mongobo, kapa matla a (likokoanyana larvae, maleshoane tse fapa-fapaneng);
• liphoofolo tse kholoanyane na dikamohelo ka sebōpeho sa maoto le matsoho a matla burrowing le manala a eona a matla ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho senya ka nako e telele le matsoelintsoeke lithanele tlas'a lefatše (moles, shrews, lipela le tse ling);
• ka liphoofolo tse anyesang e hantle ntshetswa pele kutloisiso ea monko empa Pono hoo e batlang e le sieo (moles zokor, mole likhoto, spepushonki);
• streamlined 'mele sebopeho, le letšo-letšo, a petetswa, ka thata-loketse lekgutshwanyane tenyetseheng boea.

disebediswsa tsena tsohle ho etsa maemo a molemo e le hore liphoofolo tse mobung ikutloa ha hobe le ho feta ho feta ba hore ba lula tikolohong fatše-moea, 'me mohlomong le ho feta.

Karolo e phethoang ke lihlopha tsa tikoloho baahi mobu tsa tlhaho

Lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa tikoloho baahi mobu nkoa e le:

1. Geobionty. Baemeli ba sehlopha sena - ke liphoofolo bakeng sa eo mobu ke ka ho sa feleng bolulo. Ho tsoela kaofela potoloho bophelo ba bona ka kopanelo le le thulaganyo motheo ea bohlokoa. Mehlala: earthworms, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. sehlopha sena se akarelletsa liphoofolo tse ao substrate mobu tlamang nakong e mong oa mekhahlelo e ea potoloho bophelo lona. Mohlala: ho pupae sa likokoanyana, litsie, maleshoane tse ngata, weevils, menoang.
3. Geox. Tikoloho sehlopha ea liphoofolo bakeng sa eo mobu - bolulo ba nakoana, setšabelo le sebaka sa ho rala le ho ho ikatisa. Mehlala: maleshoane ba bangata, likokoanyana, burrowing liphoofolo tsohle.

The pokello ea Liphoofolo tsohle tse sehlopheng ka seng ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea kakaretso phepelo ketane. Ho phaella moo, matla a bona a ho phela rerang boleng ba mobu, samoobnovlyaemost bona le bana. Ka lebaka leo, karolo ea bona ke ea bohlokoa haholo, haholo-holo lefatšeng la kajeno, moo temo e etsa hore mobu o hōla mafutsana, ba leached le salting tsoa tlas'a tšusumetso ea menontsha lik'hemik'hale, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le dibolayangwang. Liphoofolo mobu kenya letsoho hore ho ho feta ka potlako 'me tsa tlhaho nchafatso ea lera nonneng mora haholo litlhaselo tsa ho phetha molao feela le lik'hemik'hale ka lehlakoreng la batho.

Le be le Puisano ea limela, liphoofolo le mobu

liphoofolo mobu, e seng feela ba ya kokangana ho theha e biocenosis tloaelehile hore batho ba ka liketane tsa bona phepelo le niches tlholeho. Ha e le hantle, kaofela ha dimela le teng, liphoofolo le dikokwanyana amehang selika-likoe tšoanang oa bophelo. Joalo, ha ba ntse ba lebisa ho habitats tsohle. Mona ke mohlala o bonolo ho bontša kamano ena.

Grass makhulo le masimo a lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tsa lefatše. Tseo, le eena, a sebeletsa e le mohloli o ka sehloohong lijo tsa libatana. O hlola ka ho ea joang le manyolo dintho tse tswang dihlahiswa tšenyo ea liphoofolo tsohle, le kene mobung. Mona, bakeng sa nyeoe ea microorganisms amohela le likokoanyana, e leng e detritus. Ba bakiloeng kaofela e bole le fetoloa liminerale, a loketse bakeng sa absorption ka dimela. Kahoo, dimela fumana dikarolo bona hlokahalang bakeng sa khōlo e le ntshetsopele.

Ka mobu ho fetisisa ena dikokwanyana phelang-le likokoanyana, rotifers maleshoane, larvae, liboko 'me a tse ling tse joalo ba lijo tsa e mong le e tse ling tse,' me ka lebaka leo e leng karolo kakaretso oa kaofela phepelo marangrang.

Kahoo, ho bonahala eka liphoofolo tse phela mobung, 'me limela tse lulang ka holim'a metsi, na le ntlha e tloaelehileng ea motsoako,' me sebelisana le balekane ba bona ho etsa le le leng kakaretso tumellanong le matla a tlhaho.

mobu mafutsana le baahi ba

Bitsoa mobu mafutsana, eo ka makhetlo-khetlo o ile a pepesa ke monna eo. Kaho, ho hōla lijalo, drainage, naha reclamation - tsohle ena 'me qetellong a isang ho impoverishment ya mobu. Seo baahi ba khona ho phela maemong a joalo? Ka bomalimabe, hase ba bangata ba. The nako e telele le baahi ba ka tlas'a lefatše ke libaktheria, ba bang ba protozoans, likokoanyana le larvae bona. Liphoofolo tse anyesang, liboko, nematodes, litsie, likho, crustaceans ka mobu tsena ke ke phela, kahoo ba ile ba shoa kapa siea.

Hape li bua ka mobu mafutsana, eo ka ho eona dikahare tlaase ya dintho manyolo le diminerale. Mohlala, feto-fetohang lehlabathe. Sena ke tikoloho e khethehileng eo ka eona lintho tse itseng lula le disebediswa tsa ho bona. Kapa, ho etsa mohlala, mobu ka matla asiti le letsoai le hape e na le baahi ba itseng feela.

Thuto ea liphoofolo mobu sekolong

Sekolo sa ba bophelo ba liphoofolo 'nete hore ha e fane ka bakeng sa ho ithuta ea liphoofolo mobu thuto arohaneng. Hangata ka ho fetisisa, ke feela ka kakaretso, ka moelelo oa sehlooho.

Leha ho le joalo, ka sekolong sa mathomo ho na le ntho e kang "ka ntle ho lefatše". Liphoofolo mobung ba ithutile mmeedi tsa taba ena ka ho qaqileng haholo. Tlhahisoleseding e fanoa ho latela lilemo tsa bana. Kids bua ka mefuta-futa, seabo linthong tsa tlhaho 'me lintho tseo batho ba moruo, e bapaloang ke liphoofolo tse mobung. 3 katise - the loketse ho fetisisa bakeng sa lilemo tsa bona. Bana ba rutehileng ka ho lekaneng ho ithuta tse ling terminologicos, 'me kahoo ba le lenyora khōloanyane ea tsebo, ho tsebo ea tikoloho, ho ithuta lintho tsa tlhaho le ho baahi ba lona.

The ntho e ka sehloohong ke ho etsa lithuto tse monate, bao e seng maemo a, hammoho le boitsebiso bo rutang, 'me joale bana ba tla ua inela tsebo joaloka seponche, ho akarelletsa le ka baahi ba tikoloho mobu.

Mehlala ea liphoofolo tse phelang tikolohong mobu

Ho ka fella ka lethathamo e khutšoanyane, e leng bontša le baahi ka sehloohong mobu. Ya e le hantle, ho etsa hore e feletseng hlōleha, hobane ho na le ba bangata hakaalo ba! Leha ho le joalo, baemeli ba ka sehloohong leka ho bitsa.

Liphoofolo mobu - lethathamo la:

• rotifers, mites, libaktheria, protozoa, le crustaceans;
• likho, marutle, likokoanyana, maleshoane, mafokololi, woodlice, slugs, likhofu;
• earthworms, nematodes le roundworms tse ling;
• moles, likhoto mole, voles mole, zokor;
• jerboa, gophers, lipela, litoeba, chipmunks.