Alkadienes - ke baemeli ba tloaelehileng ba hydrocarbons unsaturated

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes ya moralo wa eo fapana ka palo ea liathomo hydrogen li hydrocarbons. Nahana ka lintlha tsa e mong le e tlelaseng, mofuta oa hybridization, thepa bath.

paraffins

Phelelang hydrocarbons na le kakaretso moralo _C-n H _{2n + 2.} Ba litlamo tsohle pakeng tsa liathomo haedrojene le k'habone le 'ngoe. Ha ho itšoara joang ho arola hydrogen e mong, alkane e sokolohela phatsa a sebetsang a - tse khōlō. Litho pele letotong lena la lihlooho li gaseous dintho tse ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng qhibilihang ka har'a metsi.

Le ho eketseha ha carbon nomoro ya solubility le decreases ka ketane e khōlō, le hydrocarbons feta ka boemo tiileng aggregate tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng.

Har'a tse khōlō thepa lik'hemik'hale tlholeho ka baemeli ba sehlopha sena, re khetholla tloswa. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore le puisano e tsohle phelelang, mabapi bakeng alkanes uncharacteristically. Joaloka lintho tse ling tsohle tse phelang, alkanes itšoara joang le oksijene (combustion e), ka lebaka la tseo matla a lokolloa. Tshebetso ena e endothermic, e sebelisoa ka ho hlahisoeng bakeng futhumatsang bolulo le indasteri le mafelo a.

cycloalkanes

The tšobotsi ea sehlopha sena sa limolek'hule ke ho ba teng ha mohaho o koetsoeng. The moralo kakaretso ea hydrocarbons joalo ke ea mofuta o _C-n H _2n. Fuoa sebopeho khetheha tsa sehlopha, ba ile ba ba tšoauoa ka e le tloswa itsoara joang ka ketane lehlakoreng, 'me phaella moo hydrogen, e leng e tsamaea le ho timetsoa potoloho.

alkenes

Ka homologous series ea ka moralo o akaretsang ea ethylene o na le mofuta o _C-n H _{2n + 2.} Litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa hydrocarbons (di naphthenes) totobatsa ho ba teng ha tlamo e habeli pakeng tsa liathomo k'habone. Pi-tlamo e thehoa ka lebaka la lepelela tsa tse peli tseo e seng tsa lebasetere leq-orbitals ka liathomo haufi k'habone.

Ho ea etsang qeto e seng feela ho ba teng tsa carbon mofuta hybridization ka alkenes, empa e boetse e le e khethollang thepa lik'hemik'hale ea litho tsohle tsa sehlopha sena sa metsoako manyolo. Ya boleng itsoara joang ka tsa unsaturation (habeli) tlamo e tla discoloration metsi bromine.

Ba itšoara joang ea bokaholimo ba matsoele ba tlamahano habeli ikopanya le selika-likoe alkene molek'hule. Ho phaella ho liphetoho Phoofolo bath letotong lena la lihlooho homologous, 'me e boetse e re discoloration potassium permanganate.

Har'a thepa ea ethylene le homologues lona ho hlokahala hore ho khetha le ho mefuta e meng ea liphetoho phaella moo. Ka hydrogenation (itšoara joang le hydrogen), ho thehoa ha ka alkane ngollana. Hydration (ka metsi) le gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen sulphonate molek'hule) tsoela pele ho tloha alkenes unsaturated ke Markovnikov puso ea.

mozindo lona itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore ha ho kopanela le nesimmetrichnmou alkene (tlhaeletsao boemo 1) limolek'hule tsa metsi kapa hydrogen sulphonate bokaholimo ba matsoele ba tlamahano habeli. Haedrojene e phaella ka ho re ho sebelisana tsa hydrogenated (phelelang hydrogen) k'habone athomo, 'me gidroksogrupp kapa halogen khomaretse bonyane hydrogenated N.

Ntle le a phaella ka ho ethylene le homologues lona tšoauoa ka ho molekyler itšoara joang. Tswa monomer nyane setokong eaba ba etsa e kholo polymer molek'hule e entsoeng ka le tsoanang diyuniti mehaho. Molekyler ho pharaletseng sebelisoa indastering lik'hemik'hale le ntshetsopeleng ya dipolasetiki ea kajeno.

alkadienes

Bakeng sa simolleng ka, alkadienes - ke unsaturated hydrocarbons le akaretsang moralo o balletsweng _C-n H _{2n + 2.} Ho na le ho tšoana itseng pakeng tsa baemeli ba letoto la lihlooho tse homologous le alkenes. Kaha alkadienes - e unsaturated hydrocarbons, bakeng sa ba ba boetse ba tšoauoa ka e phaella moo itšoara joang.

phapang ke hore dienes ke tse pedi unsaturated habeli litlamo, kahoo ho kamohelo feletseng hlokang e feteletseng ea metsi bromine, hydrogen, metsi, sulphonate hydrogen.

Baemeli ba bang ba propadiene le kena molekyler itšoara joang. Products ile a fumana ka nako ya itsoara joang ka sena e sebediswa bakeng sa ho hlahisa rabara maiketsetso, rabara proizvodnje. Kaha alkadienes - ke unsaturated dintho boleng tsa itšoara joang bakeng sa boikemisetso ba bona ba tla discoloration permanganate potassium le bromine metsi. Alkadienes letoto la lihlooho tse homologous eo e qala ka propadiene, ke mekedikedi kapa-butle.

Har'a dikopo tsa baemeli ba sehlopha sena sa abelwang karolo ya tlhahiso ea thepa polymeric.

alkynes

Ka letoto la lihlooho tse homologous acetylene akaretsang moralo o balletsweng e _C-n H _2n-2. Ha alkadienes - ntho eo e entsoe ka litlamo tse peli habeli, bakeng sa alkyne e tšoauoa ka tlamo e hararo. Ya boleng itšoara joang ho feta tlamahanong hararo ea alkynes bakeng sa bitsoa sebelisana sa karolelano le baemeli ba sehlopha sena ba komponeng rarahaneng - diamine fumana silevera hydroxide (1). The sebelisana ya letsoai ho thehoa - acetylide silevera.

Baemeli ba letotong lena homologous ke interclass isomers tsa alkadienes. Ka ho tšoanang, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes tsohle itšoara ka phaella moo halogen, hydrogen, sulphonate hydrogen, ka metsi. Ha khomaretse ka molek'hule ea acetylene lekaneng palo ea hydrogen hlahiswa ethylene. Tabeng ea sebelisana le hydrogen feteletseng hlahiswa ho tloha acetylene hlahisoang moo ethane (phelelang hydrocarbon).

bofello

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, thepa lik'hemik'hale tse neng li tšohloa ka holimo, e bontša ho tšoana ho mantlha le phapang pakeng tsa litlelase e fapaneng ya dintho. le hydrocarbons bohle ka sebopeho sa na le k'habone le hydrogen liathomo, ke kahoo mafura babatsehang.