Tlotlofoko ka ka ho ya ka hlahang ho yona. Tsamaiso lexical ea puo ea kajeno Serussia. mantsoe a macha

puo Russia, joaloka tse ling tse leha e le efe, e na le tsamaiso ea oona lona lexical hore o ba bile teng ba fetang ha makholo a lilemo feela, 'me esita le lilemo tse sekete. tlotlofoko ka sebopeho se na le hlahang ho yona fapaneng. E ka thōko 'me mantsoe a letsoalloa Russia le alimiloeng. Mantsoe le sebōpeho-puo tšimoloho ea mantsoe a rutoang sekolong le, hammoho le ho fakalti philological.

bopa dikgopolo tsa mantlha

Puo Russia e na le ea ruileng lexical tsamaiso, sebopeho sa le ileng la qala ka Neolithic me o tsoela pele le kajeno. Mantsoe a mang a nyamela puo tlotlofoko e sebetsang, ba archaisms, ha ba bang phunyeletse ka lipuo tsa rōna, e be karolo ea bohlokoa ea eona.

Ka lokota ea tsamaiso ea puo ka ho ya ka hlahang ho yona e arotsoe ka alima le letsoalloa Serussia. Primordially tlotlofoko ka Serussia e ka 90% ya sebopeho lexical. ba bang kaofela ke ea alima. Ho phaella moo, selemo le selemo szótár rona ntjhafatswa le mantsoe a macha le likhopolo tse hlahang ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea saense le botekgeniki.

le tlotlontswe Primordially Russia

The pokello ea bohlokoa ke primordially tlotlofoko ka Serussia. Sehlopheng sena ke subgroups latelang correlated le mekhahlelo ea ho hōla, eseng feela ka puo empa hape oa re ho sechaba:

1. Indo-European lokota.
2. E Tloaelehileng Maslav.
3. Khale Serussia.
4. Ha e le hantle Serussia.

Tse baketsweng linakong tsena theha motheong oa mantsoe a reng, le mokokotlo tlotlofoko rona. E ne e le ba hae 'me e lokela ho nkoa e le ba pele.

Indo-European nako

Primordially tlotlofoko ka Serussia ho latela se hlahang ho yona khale nako Neolithic. Tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha nako e 'ngoe, ka kakaretso Proto - Indo, e sebetsa hoo e ka bang II Millennium BC. Ke mantsoe a sehlopha sena ke mabitso a liphoofolo tse Khopolo ea ho bua ka kamano, lijo. Mohlala: 'Mè, morali, pholo, poho, nama le ba bang. Kaofela ba na le balayage selumisoa ka lipuo tse ling. Ka mohlala, lentsoe 'mè o molumo tšoanang ka Senyesemane (' me oa hae), 'me Jeremane (mutter).

E Tloaelehileng sethaleng Maslav

le tlotlontswe e Tloaelehileng Maslav Ho hlahile ho pota BC VI lekholong la lilemo la. Ho ile futsitseng ho meloko e fapaneng phelang naheng ea Linaheng tsa Balkan, Bohareng le Europe Bochabela.

The lokota ea nako e bua ka lexical-labeled semantic lihlopha, tse sebelisoa ho bua ka likarolo tse ling tsa mabitso 'mele, liphoofolo, liketsahalo tsa tlhaho, nako le nako, dimela le lipalesa, mabitso a likarolo tse ling tsa mehaho, lisebelisoa. The mehlala fetisisa hlollang ea mantsoe, a sireletsa ho tloha nakong ena: eike, Linden, moru phaene, sefate, lekhasi, nyalothe, harese, phofo, makhapetla, mohoma, ntlo, mathule, marulelong, ea khoho, e le khantsi, kvass, jelly. Plast ena ke ntho ea tlhaho ho tlotlofoko batho hangata Maslav.

khale nako

Old Russia (kapa East Maslav) tlotlofoko ka kena lokota rona ka nako Maslav ho fedisa ka naheng ea Europe morao-rao, ka XI-IX lilemo tse makholo. Sena ke e boetse e le nako ea sebopeho sa sebopeho sa puso ea Kievan RUS, ke hore,, IX-XIV lekholong la lilemo la. Ho kenyelletsa mantsoe a kang molemo, leeba, malome, lace le, Finch, protheine, mashome a mane, mashome a robong kajeno.

mantsoe ana le 'ona a tsejoang ka ho ba teng ha prefixes in-, U, pre- vz-. Mohlala: ho platoon, ho kokota, ho fihlela qetellong, ho fumana.

Fumana le tlotlontswe thehoa nako ena, ho ke ke khoneha feela ka Serussia, Seukraine le Belarusian lipuo.

Nakong ea sebopeho Russia bochaba

Ho tswa ho XIV lekholong la lilemo la ka puo ea Russia e qala ho hlaha le lecha sebōpeho-puo tlotlontsu. mantsoe ana hlaha ka mor'a ho putlama ha puo Khale Seslavone ho Serussia, Seukraine le Belarusian lipuo. Ho ha e le hantle mantsoe a Russia a kang ho ho honotha, lodonga, ka lekarecheng k'habeche, phihlelo.

Sena se akarelletsa ho nouns tsohle thehoa le megatlana -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Mohlala: setima-mollo mollo, mokga, sechaba, checkered. Sena se akarelletsa ho mahlalosi le la boemo bo tlaase, ka hoetla, maetsi cringe, khahlellana ho tšoenyeha.

Ho tseba makgetheng tsena, o ka habonolo a bale mantsoe a ka thehoa mothating ona oa ntlafatso.

nako ena ke ea ho qetela ka ho sebopeho sa ea lera ka sehloohong e le hantle tokens Serussia.

loanwords

Ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo, batho ba Russia ho ntshetsa pele e seng feela khoebo le maqhama setso, empa hape tsa lipolotiki le tsa sesole. All ena e ile ea etsa hore ho kadima puo. Hang ka Serussia lentsoe tsamaisong ea lexical fetohile tlas'a tšusumetso ea oona 'me a fetoha karolo ea le tlotlontswe hae. Loanwords haholo ntlafatsa puo Russia, a mo tlisa e ngata tse ncha.

Mantsoe a mang a ne a alima ka ho feletseng, joalokaha ba bang ba bile teng ba - qalong amohetse megatlana Russia kapa prefixes, e ile ea qetella e se ile sa etsa hore ho thehoe le lecha, e leng e 'nile ea tšimoloho ea lentsoe Serussia. Ka mohlala, lentsoe "ya khomphuta ya hao" a kena lokota rona senyeha, empa lentsoe "ea nyutlelie rasaense" ho nkoa ho ba letsoalloa Serussia, kaha e ile ea thehoa ho tswa ho alima lentsoe "athomo" ba dikai letsoalloa Russia lentsoe-sebopeho.

Abelwang karolo ya alima ho tswa Maslav le Seturkey, Latin, Segerike, Jeremane le Romance lipuo, tse akarelletsang Senyesemane, Sejeremane, Italy, Spain, Hollanti.

staroslavyanizmy

Ka mor'a ho amohelwa oa Bokreste qetellong ea X lekholong la lilemo la ka puo ea Russia e tla haholo mantsoe. Ho ile amanang le ho hlaha ka Russia sa Kereke ea Seslavone libuka. Khale kereke Seslavone kapa khale Se-bulgaria, kereke ea Seslavone, e leng puo e sebelisoang ke linaheng tse ngata Maslav ka puo dingolwa ngotsoeng, e neng e sebelisoa bakeng sa phetolelo ea libuka tsa Segerike kereke.

From puo ea hae Russia tlile mantsoe a kereke, mantsoe a ho bopa dikgopolo tsa e sa bonahaleng. Tsena li akarelletsa moprista, sefapano, matla a, le lebe, tumellanong le ba bang ba bangata. Qalong, mantsoe ya data ba sebelisoa feela ka ho ngola, puo buka, empa phunyelletsa ka molomo ka nako e telele.

Kereke Seslavone lokota ho latela se hlahang ho yona e na le likarolo tse latelang:

1. Seo ho thoeng ke nepolnoglasie mantsoe motso. Mohlala: liheke kapa haptjoa. Tabeng ena, ho na le dikgetho polnoglasnymi liheke le feletseng.
2. Ha e kopana le sa terene ka lentsoe le motso. A mohlala hlollang ke ajoa lentsoe.
3. Ho ba teng ha ka mantsoe a ho selumisoa sa appa, ho etsa mohlala ka khanya lentsoe.
4. Selumi sa senyesemane ea e ka e le qalo ea lentsoe le ka pel'a lilumisoa thata: e mong.
5. La syllables, ho PA le ho qaleha ha lentsoe. Mohlala: ho rook lekanang.
6. Ho ba teng ha mabokose WHO-holimo, chrez-. Mohlala: ho lefella, ka tsela e feteletseng.
7. Megatlana -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: fokotsa, tukang, qhibiliha.
Likarolo tse ling tsa mantsoe pele Molimo-nang kotsi, bolaeang, greho-, dushe-, boiketlo: tšabang Molimo, zlonravie tlhohonolofatso.

mantsoe ana a kajeno sebelisoa ka puo eo Serussia. Ka nako e tšoanang, batho ba 'maloa a belaela hore ha e le hantle o bitsoang pontšo ha e na letsoalloa Russia le linaheng tse ling le metso. hangata haholo ba ka ba fumanang ka litemana tsa Bibele, e sebetsa ba classics tsa lingoliloeng Russia.

tokens Poland

Ka ho nahana ka potso ena, se tlotlofoko ho latela se hlahang ho yona, re ka ke ua lebala ka alima ho tswa ho puo ea Poland, le ileng la qala ka lilemo tse makholo XVII-XVIII. Tsa lipuo tse West Maslav re phunyelletsa ka mantsoe a rōna a kang thepa ea lelapa daub, mmutla, periwinkle, jeme. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ba restock, eseng feela Russia empa hape Seukraine lipuo, Belarusian.

Segerike alima

A 'mele oa bohlokoa oa loanwords Segerike. Phunyeletse ka puo ea habo rōna, o ile a qala ka nako tsohle-Maslav bonngoe. Ka ho fetisisa tsa khale lexical "limpho" ke mantsoe a kang Moifo oa Commerce, bethe tanka.

Ka nako ho tloha IX ho XI lekholong la lilemo la mantsoe ana di alima: amohelehe, lengeloi, thuto ea lipalo, lebone, histori, filosofi, bukeng, Sauna, lantern. Ka hamorao nako alima mantsoe a amanang le mantsoe a bonono le saense: Comedy, anapaest, sea utloahala kapa che, papiso, le likhopolo tse ling tse ngata tseo e tiisoa ka thata ka sethusathuto mareo ya bongata ba saense ea kajeno.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea tlotlofoko ka Segerike 'me oa Byzantium le phraseology tsa puo ea Serussia ntlafatsa haholo. Leha ho le joalo, linaheng tsena le tshusumetso ka bona o ile a ikutloa ha feela ea saense, e le philology, empa hape thuto ea lipalo, ea fisiks, k'hemistri le bonono.

Latin

Ka nako ya ho tswa ho XVI ho VXIII lekholong la lilemo la ka puo Russia e na le mantsoe a Latin hore ntlafatsa ea letlole lexical tšimong ea mantsoe a saense, botekgeniki, tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki. Li akarelletsa haholo-holo ka Seukraine le Poland. Haholo-holo le matla ena tlatsetsa tsoelo-pele ea thuto le saense, hammoho le likamano tsa histori le tsa setso tsa linaheng tsena.

From puo Latin tla ho re bopa dikgopolo tsa se le tlwaetsego tse kang matsatsi a phomolo a, dibukeng, motsamaisi, bamameli, sekolong, tshebetso, ho sechaba, e leng phetoho e khōlō, 'me ba bang.

puo Turkic

E nako e telele bile litsela tsa rona tšela le Tatars, Maturkey. Ea puo Turkic ka mantsoe Russia likhona kang liperela, lifaha sehlopha sena, 'maraka chelete, mahapu, bathrobe, moholi, marikhoe, Suits lipere mabitso: roan, Bay, buckskin.

Advantageously alima hlahile ho tswa Tatar. Ka lebaka la maqhama khoebo, ea setso le sesole tse 'nileng tsa e-ba teng pakeng tsa lichaba tsa rona ka lilemo tse makholo a' maloa.

Scandinavian

alima e fokolang haholo ea lipuo tsa Scandinavian - Seswedishe, Norway. Ile ka Kena nako pele ho moo ka lebaka la likamano tsa khoebo ea neng li le teng pakeng tsa lichaba tsa rona esita le ka nako ea pele ho Bokreste.

Mantswe fetisisa hlollang phunyelletsa ka tsamaiso ea Russia lexical: mabitso, Igor le Oleg, mabitso sehlahisoa - herring, tseo pud, hook, e palo, e thoba.

lipuo tsa Europe Bophirimela

Tšimoloho ea tlotlofoko ea puo ea kajeno Russia, ntshetsopeleng lona e amana haufi-ufi le lipuo tse 'maloa Europe. Ka mor'a hore ho be le liphetoho tsa Peter I, ka makholo a lilemo XVII-XVIII, ka puo ea Russia e kenyeletsa tokens lipuo Bophirimela European.

The Jeremane a kena puo ea rōna 'maloa a mantswe bakeng sa sesole, tlotlofoko khoebo le bareki, saense le bonono: a promissory hlokomela, e le lere la, le corporal, thae, easel, hotel landschap.

Madache "ba ile ba kopanela" le mantsoe a Russia nautical: dockyard, boema-kepe, motsamaisi, sesoleng, le mosesisi oa likepe. Marine le mantsoe a ba boetse ba tsoa puo English: Midshipman, Brig.

Re kena ho tloha Senyesemane tsamaisong ea rōna le mantsoe a lexical kang gane go tsenelela, kotopo, bolo ea maoto, papali, qetellong, kaka, pudding.

Lilemong tsa bo-XX 'me e akarelletsa mantsoe a chitja botekgeniki le lipapali, ditjhelete le tsa khoebo, bonono. mantsoe a macha, le hoja katoloso ea setsi sa rōna lexical: k'homphieutha, faele, bajt, nako e eketsehileng, Brokerage, gommaspugna, puo e bontša, e makatsang, briefing impeachment.

Ka XVIII-XIX lilemo tse makholo ka puo eo Russia hape phunyeletse mantsoe a puo ea French - sefaha sa letsoho, liaparo, baki, baki, moro, khoho, ntloana, battalion Garrison, motšoantšisi, le bapale, mookameli.

Ea Setaliana le Spain ba ile ba fihla mantsoe Serussia 'mino, mantsoe a ea sebaka se pusong ea bonono: lehlaso tinoro Choral Hymns, Sonata, carnival, ntle gondola serenata, katara.

Kaofela ha bona ba ntse ba ka mafolofolo ho sebetsa tsamaisong rona lexical, le ka moo le ka moo ba tlile, re ka ithuta eng ho dikishinari eo.

neologisms

Ka ho ba sethaleng jwale ya puo Russia lexical oona tsamaisong ntjhafatswa le mantsoe a macha. Ke karolo ea puo ke ho hlaha likhopolo ba o khathollang le liketsahalo. Ha le sehlooho sa ketsahalo kapa lintho hlaha le mantsoe a macha ho kgetha bona. Ha baa ka ba hang-hang e ne e akarelletsa ho le tlotlontswe e sebetsang.

Ka nakoana, lentsoe e nkoa e le e neologism, ka nako eo ho ba tloaelehileng haholo le ka tieo aa ageletsweng ka puo eo. Pele mantsoe, neologisms ba 'nile ba e-ba setho pula-maliboho oa Komsomol, e-sepakapakeng, Khrushchev le ba bang. Hona joale, ha ho na e mong o tla belaella ba neologisms.

lidikishinari

Ho hlahloba e le tlotlontswe ho latela se hlahang ho yona e sebelisoa ka nyeoe e itseng, u ka etsa ho hlalosang mantsoe etymological. Ba dintlha ka tšimoloho ea lentsoe, etymology lona ka lekhetlo la pele. O ka sebelisa oa sekolo 'me e khutšoanyane hlalosang mantsoe etymological , e hlophisitsoeng ke H. Shang, "Russia etymological szótár" A. E. Anikina kapa "etymological szótár» P. A. Krylova,' me ba bang.

Ithute se boleloang ke mantsoe a tsoang linaheng tse ling ba tlang ho re ho tloha lipuo lisele, ho khoneha, sebelisa tse hlollang "Dictionary oa Mantsoe a tsoang linaheng tse ling" e hlophisitsoeng Ozhegova.

Ho ithuta sekolong

Tlotlofoko ka ka ho ya ka hlahang ho yona le ho sebelisoa hangata ba ithuta ka tsela e sekolo ea puo ea Serussia ka karolo "Lexicology le phraseology." Ho fetisisa a lebisa tlhokomelo sehlooho sena patala ka 5-6 limaraka, th, hammoho le la bo10. Baithuti ithuta ka tšimoloho ea mantsoe le collocations, bolelang, ithuta ho khetha pakeng tsa se bona, mosebetsi le tse hlalosang mantsoe a fapaneng.

Maemong a mang, matichere a ka qeta electives tsohle, mesebetsi e eketsehileng-curricular nehetsoeng ho ithuta ka tšimoloho ea mantsoe.

Seo thepa ka sebelisoa ho ithuta sehlooho se reng "Lexis ho latela se hlahang ho yona"? Tafole le tlhophiso le mehlala litemana ka lipuo tse fapaneng, e nang le puo e alimile mantsoe a Russia, 'me tse hlalosang mantsoe.

Ho ithuta Univesithing

Haholo-holo ka ho qaqileng o ile a ithuta le tlotlontswe ho tloha ntlheng ea ho lebaka la tšimoloho ea University, e leng Faculty tsa Philology. taba eo e fuoa lithuto tse seng kae tsa 'nete hore "Lexicology le phraseology ea puo ea kajeno Russia." Ha lithupelo li ka, liithuti qhaqholla mefuta e fapaneng ya litemana tse, fumana mantsoe letsoalloa Russia le alimiloeng ka ho bona, go arologana tsona, sebetsa 'moho le hlalosang mantsoe. Hlalosa le menyetla stylistic alima, mantsoe a se felloe ke nako.

Ka lipuo le lithupelo dintlha tlhophiso tlotlofoko ka hlahang ho yona, ho sebelisa le tshebetso ya puo ea kajeno Serussia. Mokhoa ona o lumella thahasello liithuti hore li tsebe tsebo ea ho fetisisa ka ho teba e sisintsweng ke ka taba ea ho ithuta.

se fumaneng

lentsoe leha e le efe ea tsamaiso lexical na histori ea eona e le tšimoloho ea eona. Mantsoe a mang a ba nako e telele e ho sebetsa ka puo ea habo rōna, ho tloha nakong eo ka eona sebetsa le 'ngoe, e leng puo e Indo-European, batho ba bang ba tla ho rōna ka nako le linako tse sa tšoaneng tsa Maslav le lipuo tsa Europe,' me ho ntse ba bang ba ipotsa nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea kajeno e tlhahisoleseding.

Utloisisa histori ea tšimoloho ea mantsoe a itseng e tla re thusa hore re se ke feela ho utloisisa moelelo bona tebileng, empa hape trace ntshetsopele ya setso naheng ya rona ka nako e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe.