The Moscow Helsinki Group - le mokhatlo oa litokelo tsa botho. Lyudmila Alexeyeva - molula-setulo oa ea Moscow Helsinki Group

Joalokaha u tseba, ba bōptjoa 05/12/1976 Moscow Helsinki Group - mokgatlo inehetseng ho boalosi latelwa le karolo ea boraro ea ditumellano tsa ho Helsinki nang sehlooho se reng botho. Li akarelletsa litokisetso ka litokelo tsa motheo tsa batho, moketeng oo litho tsa mokhatlo oa litokelo tsa botho ba Soviet Union ba ile leihlo ka lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa. Ka ho bōptjoa ha sehlopha se ile sa phatlalatsoa sebokeng o tobetsa ka moaho oa fisiks Union Andreya Saharova.

History ea pōpo

The Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) ha a tobane le Yuri Orlov, mothehi le molula-setulo oa pele, e hlahisa maikemisetso lona ka tsela e latelang. mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o tla hlokomela ho latelwa le Helsinki Phatlalatso ea USSR le tsebisa States tsohle tseo di saena tokomane ena, hammoho le Soviet Union, ka ditlolo efe kapa efe.

Ho phaella moo Yuriya Orlova, sehlopha akarelletsa Alexander Ginzburg, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Natan Sharansky, Vitaly Rubin, Malva Landa, Alexander Korczak, Elena Bonner, Anatoly Marchenko, Mikhail Bernshtam Peter Grigorenko.

qobelloa ho saenela

The Helsinki se lumellana rala motheo bakeng sa mochine ho hlokomela ho latelwa le ditlhoko tsa bona. Ka ho khetheha, lihlooho tsa baemeli lokela ho ba ho hlahloba ho latelwa ea linaha tsohle molekane saennweng phatlalatso bona dikhonferense ea selemo le selemo. The Moscow Helsinki Group ne a tšepile hore u fumane boitsebiso bo e bontšitsoeng ka ditlolo la lihlooho tse amanang le litokelo tsa botho, li tla tšohloa libokeng tseo, 'me seo democracies tla batla hore Soviet Union e saena tumellano bolaeloa feletseng, ho akarelletsa le le botho lihloohong tsena. Ho hlōleha ho etsa joalo ho ka lebisa ho oa ha Helsinki se lumellana, eo boeta-pele ba Soviet Union ba ne ba ke ke ba mamella. Ka lintho tse amanang le tsa Soviet Union e ne e le hore re lule re e konteraka ruisang ka ho fetisisa ho eena, e kentse 'nete ea hore naha e ile fopha mali tse tšoeu e telele ho itšehla thajana ho tloha ba bang kaofela ba lefatše le ferekana matsoho a peiso.

mosebetsi oa e sebetsang hantle

Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng litokelo tsa botho, e ne e ena le litho motso feela, ba ne ba sa bonahale ho ba khona ho hlokomela kaofela tšimong ea leholo la Soviet Union. Qetellong ba litho MHG ne feela joalokaha se na matla joaloka baahi ba bang kaofela ha USSR, 'me thepa eohle ea bona e ne e ena le mechine ea ho thaepa e' meli tsa khale. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Moscow Helsinki sehlopha kenyelleditswe basireletsi ba nang le phihlelo ba ile ba bokana ka nako eo e khōlō chelete ea lintho tse bonahalang ka litaba e amehang. Ho feta moo, liteishene tsa seea-le-linaha tse ling kgaso ka naha ea Soviet Union, a lula a tletse litlaleho tsa Moscow Helsinki Group, 'me o ile a qala ho fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le ditlolo tsa litokelo tsa botho pholletsa le naha. Ka ho khetheha, litho tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng tsebisa balwanedi tsa Seukraine, Lithuanian, Segeorgia le Armenian mokhatlo oa sechaba.

Nakong ea lilemo tse 6 tsa teng, sehlopha sena se entse le nehelanoa ka Bophirimela ka 195 litlaleho tse sa ditlolo tsa litokelo tsa botho ba Soviet Union. litlaleho tse tsena li na le boitsebiso amanang le lithibelo ka lehlakoreng le letona ho sebelisa puo ea habo bona, ho fumana thuto ka puo ea habo bona, 'me joalo-joalo. balwanedi D. Religious (Mabaptiste, Adventists, Mapentekonta le Mak'hatholike) o ile a bolella ka ditlolo tsa letona ho ba le bolokolohi ba bolumeli. Baahi bao e seng litho tsa mekhatlo leha e le efe, e ile ea tlaleha bao e seng ho latelwa le karolo ea boraro ea Helsinki se lumellana, eo a utloa bohloko ho tswa ho ka bona, kapa baratuoa ba bona.

mohlala o motle

Hamorao, latelang mohlala oa Moscow Helsinki Group, ka November 1976, ho ile ha thehoa Lithuanian le Seukraine Helsinki Group, ka January 1977 - Georgia, ka April - Armenian, ka December 1976 - Komiti ea Bokreste ka lebaka la tšireletso ea litokelo tsa balumeli-ba Soviet Union ka November 1978 g, - Komiti Catholic bakeng sa ho sireletsa litokelo tsa batho ba balumeli. Helsinki Likomiti hape hlaha Poland le Czechoslovakia.

karabelong

Ka February 1977, Seukraine le Moscow sehlopha tšoaroa qala. E mong oa ba pele ba tšoaroa e ne e le molula-setulo oa MHG Yuri Orlov. E se eka 18, 1978 o ile a ahloleloa ho koalloa chankaneng lilemo tse 7 ka mesebetsi ea ka thata le ho lilemo tse 5 ba botlamuoeng. lekhotla le ile la nkoa ka mesebetsi ea hae e le pherekano-ba khahlanong le Soviet Union le mashano ho fokolisa puso ea Soviet Union le tsamaiso. La 21 June selemong sona seo Vladimir Slepak ile a ahloleloa lilemo tse 5 tsa botlamuoa. June 14, Natan Sharansky ile a ahloleloa lilemo tse 3 chankaneng le lilemo tse 10 kampong ea thata-puso.

Ke ea hoetla ka 1977 ba ne ba ntse ba amohuoa tokoloho bakeng sa litho tse fetang 50 tsa lihlopha e Helsinki. Ba bangata ba bona ba ile ba ahloleloa ho mantsoe a nako e telele teronkong, ba bang ba ile ba shoa pele ba lokolloa.

E tsokoang ea bonngoe

Mecha ea litaba linaheng demokrasi - mphato ba Soviet Union ka ho sa Helsinki se lumellana koahetsoeng tshebetsong le ho hlorisoa ha litho tsa eona ka USSR le re lona sathelaete Helsinki. Sechaba linaheng tsena ileng a se etsa ka lebaka la mahloriso sena ka ho bōpa lihlopha tsa bona ba Komiti ea Helsinki.

Ka ho bōptjoa ha American Helsinki Group ho ile ha phatlalatsoa ka December ea 1978. mekhatlo tšoanang hamorao a hlaha a ka Canada le linaheng tse ling tsa Bophirimela European. Sepheo sa bona ke ho thibela ho hlorisoa ha basebetsi-'moho le bona le ho fana ka khatello e ka mebuso ea tsona ea sechaba ho matla a batla ho tswa ho Soviet Union ea Helsinki se lumellana ho bolaoa.

Litholoana tsa mosebetsi

boiteko bona jere litholoana. Ho qala ka la Conference Madrid ka October 1980, e re demokrasi Liphathi tlile ho mong le e mong sebokeng se seng le ntsoe-leng lentsoe la ditletlebong tsena. Butle-butle ho latelwa le ditlamo tsa boraro "baskete" ea e-ba e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong ea ho Helsinki. Nakong ea Seboka Vienna ea 1986 e ile saennweng melaoana e eketsehileng, ho ea ka tseo boemo litokelo tsa botho naheng eo - mokga Tumellano ea amohela kameho ea signatories tsohle.

Kahoo, Moscow Helsinki Group-ba peō, a tsoala ho machaba Helsinki sisinyehang. O na le le tšusumetso e hōla ka diteng tsa tshebetso Helsinki. Ka lekhetlo la pele ka histori ea lipuisano, mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa litokelo tsa botho le seabo se ka ditumellano tsa ka hara-puso. Soviet Union e se e qosoa ka ho tlōla lihlooho tse botho motheong oa litokomane fanoeng ke Moscow, Seukraine le lihlopha Lithuanian.

Gorbachev qhibilihisa

Tlas'a khatello e tsoang linaheng tse sa demokrasi, eseng feela Moscow sehlopha "Helsinki", empa hape le ho batho bohle ba amohuoa tokoloho bona bakeng sa lihlooho tse lipolotiki tsa Soviet Criminal Code, ka 1987, ba ile ba lokolloa. Ka 1990, baahi ba Soviet Union ba ile ba fuoa tokelo ea ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi 'me ba khutlele naheng eo, ho thibela ho hlorisoa ha balumeli.

Phihlelo eo e ile ea ka mokhoa oa ho sebelisana le mekhatlo e seng ea 'muso, e bonahatsoa ke' nete ea hore OSCE e ne e le oa pele ea machaba mokgatlo e neng e akarelletsa ba ka tshebetso sebetsa jaaka balekane lekanang. Ka Conference ea ka Human teba tsa baemeli ba mekhatlo e bao e seng ea 'muso le seabo ka lebaka la parity le baemeli ba semmuso ya OSCE e re setho,' me lentsoe la ea ba fanoa ka e ts'ireletsehileng e lekanang.

Morao koana ka har'a ho

MHG, eo nakong thehoeng lona e ne e le eona feela e ikemetseng bao e seng ea 'muso mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa Soviet Union, eo hona joale e phetha karolo ea etellang pele ka mokhatlo oa litokelo tsa botho le sechaba, e leng ile ha thehoa Federation le Serussia. E bua haholo ka se ka sehloohong sa ho Moscow Helsinki Group o tsoela pele ho hlokomela boemo ba litokelo tsa botho. Kajeno Leha ho le joalo, ho e phetha ha feela ka lebaka la lihlooho botho ea Helsinki se lumellana, empa hape le tšehetso ea Russia Motheo, ea Linaha Tsa Europe bakeng sa Tšireletso ea Litokelo tsa botho le litokoloho le lilekane tse ling machaba ka litokelo tsa botho saenelwa ke Federation le Serussia.

Lyudmila Mihaylovna Alekseeva MHG leba ka 1996. Lilemo tse tharo pejana ho moo, o ile a khutlela Moscow botlamuoeng February 1977 United States. Nakong eo eohle mosali enoa o ile a tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa litokelo tsa botho, 'me hape se ile sa etsa ho hasoa ea-le-moea "Liberty" le "Lentsoe la Amerika".

Ka 2012 o ile a tla a qobelle molao o mocha oa Federation ea Russia, ho e etsa qeto ea hore ho Moscow Helsinki Group - moemeli tsoang linaheng tse ling hore a fumana chelete e tsoang linaheng tse ling le ho ba le maqhama 'linaheng tse ling. Ho fumana felisa ya sekhobo hore e histori se sebelisoa e le synonyme bakeng sa lentsoe "sehloela", mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o ile a etsa qeto ea ho fokotsa itsebang kateng ho thusa baahi ba Russia.

moputso feela

Ka 2015, Lyudmila Alexeyeva bakeng sa mosebetsi o ikhethang naheng ea litokelo tsa botho e amohela khau Vatslava Gavela. Nehella € 60.000 ka mokete tšoaroa ka Palace ea Europe le Strasbourg ka letsatsi la tšimoloho ea fa setlhopha se kopane plenary tsa Coe Paramente Seboka, lebelo Mopresidente Anne Brasseur o ile a re activist litokelo tsa botho, o ile a tsoela mesebetsi ea ho loanela toka, o ile a bululela meloko e 'maloa ea balwanedi Russia le linaheng tse ling . Ka lilemo tse mashome, Alexeyeva bang kotsing, o ile a felloa ke mosebetsi oa hae 'me o ile a tlameha ho siea naha ho ba khona ho tsoela pele ho bua ka ditlolo litokelo tsa botho ba Soviet Union. O ile a hona joale se lokela ho etella Moscow Helsinki Group - Freethinkers mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa batho bao e seng ea 'muso, e leng hangata e ba tobane le bora, empa a sa ntse e tsoela pele ho ahlola bopaki ba tlōlo ea molao le ho thusa mahlatsipa.

litlhaselo tsa tsoela pele

Morao tjena, bosiung ba la sehopotso sa bo40 sa MHG boemo TV le kanaleng "Russia-1" a hlahisa "videong", tse neng li le liqoso hore moeta-pele ea tsosa khanyetso Alexei Navalny amohetse dithuso tsa ditjhelete ho tswa bohlale British, ho akarelletsa le le thuso ya Moscow Helsinki Group. Ho ile romelwa "litokomane" le "ngollano", aniwa a li a bontsha maqhama hae le hlooho ea letlole ho le dipeeletso tsa "Hermitage Capital" William Browder. Analysis ba "thepa" MI6 le CIA ea senola hore ba ateloa ke puo eo ba sebele le liphoso tloaelehileng tsa bangodi Serussia. Molula-setulo oa Moscow Helsinki Group hana liqoso mecha ea phatlalatso ea puso, a bolela hore ha ho na tjhelete ho Alekseya Navalnogo o kang ba le fumana chelete efe kapa efe 'me ha aa fana ka. activist litokelo tsa botho o ile a re Moscow Helsinki Group le ditjhelete ha tsamaisa ditransekshene lichelete, tse kang ho bewa ga chelete ka chelete lekhoakhoa, ha ba kopanela.

Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, leka e 'ngoe ho tarnish ea Moscow Helsinki Group le khanyetso hlōleha habohloko.