The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu: texte

U ka re hore ntshetsopeleng Revolutionary ne ho fumanoa ha penicillin e ka mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli. Nakong ea ntoa ea bobeli ea Lefatše, lithibela-mafu pele bolokoa limilione masole a lemetseng tloha septicemia. Penicillin e ile ea e-atlehang le ka lithethefatsi ka nako e tšoanang theko e tlaase ho tloha tse fapa-fapaneng mafu a tsoaetsanang tebileng le fractures ka botebo, maswe maqeba. Ha nako e ntse, e ile tsa maiketsetso, 'me litlelase tse ling tsa lithibela-mafu.

litšobotsi tse akaretsang

Kajeno ho na le palo e kholo ea lihlahisoa tsa lefatše le leholo ea lithibela-mafu - dintho se hlahang ho yona tlhaho kapa seka-maiketsetso hore na matla a ho felisa lihlopha tse itseng tsa microorganisms pathogenic kapa thibela metsoako kgolo ya bona kapa ho ikatisa. The mekgwa ya bohato ea lithibela-mafu spectra e ka ba fapaneng. Ha nako e ntse, mefuta e mecha le diphetolo ea lithibela-mafu. Ho se tšoane bona hloka systematization. Mehleng ea rōna, re amohetse tlhophiso ea lithibela-mafu ho ea ka mochine oa ketso le mefuta e fapaneng, e le hammoho le ka ho sebopehong lik'hemik'hale. Ho ea ka mochine oa bona oa ketso e arotsoe:

• bacteriostats, e thibela ho hōla kapa ho ikatisa ea microorganisms pathogenic;
• microbicide, eo kenya letsoho hore ho ho timetsoa ha libaktheria.

The mekgwa motheo ea ketso ea lithibela-mafu:

• tlōlo ea leboteng baktheria seleng ea;
• thibelo ea protheine tswakana ka seleng baktheria;
• tlōlo e lumellang metsi ho kena tsa lera cytoplasmic;
• thibelo ea RNA tswakana.

Beta-lactam lithibela-mafu - penicillins

Ho ea ka sebopeho lik'hemik'hale tsa metsoako tsena di classified e le latelang.

Beta-lactam lithibela-mafu. The mochine oa bohato lactam lithibela-mafu ho itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba sehlopha tshebetso ho tlama le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho ameha ka tswakana tsa peptidoglycan - makalana tsa lera e ka ntle ea lisele tsa kokoana-hloko. Kahoo, ho ka thibang sebopeho sa mabota seleng, eo ho tlatsetsa ho cessation ea ho hōla kapa ho ikatisa ea libaktheria. Beta-lactams na tlaase toxicity, 'me ka nako e tšoanang e ntle bactericidal sebediswa. Li emela sehlopha kholo ka ho fetisisa le ba arotsoe ka subgroups hore na le ka tsela e tšoanang sebopeho lik'hemik'hale.

Penicillins - ke sehlopha sa dintho lokolloa likolone tse itseng tsa hlobo le phello bactericidal. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka penicillin e loketseng ha e le hantle hore ka ho timetsa ka seleng lerako la microorganisms, ba ba timetsa. Penicillins e leng ba tlhaho kapa seka-a maiketsetso a hlahang ho yona le ho ba metsoako a manyenyane ka bophara ba bohato - ba ka sebelisoa ka ho phekola mafu a mangata a bakoa ke streptococci le staphylococci. Ho phaella moo, ba na le thepa ea selectivity ka ho etsa lintho feela ho dikokwanyana, e sa ame ea macro-phelang. Penicillins na haelloang teng, tse akarelletsang ketsahalo ea ho hanyetsa baktheria tlhokeng. Ba atileng ka ho fetisisa linthong tsa tlhaho feela ka penicillin G, ka penicillin tse sebelisoang ho loantša tšoaetso ea meningococcal le streptococcal ka lebaka la ho toxicity lona tlaase le theko e tlaase. Leha ho le joalo, ho amoheloa ke nako e telele ho ka ba sireletsehile maloetseng ea 'mele ea ho moriana, ka tsela eo ho fokotsa katleho ea eona. penicillins seka-maiketsetso tloaelo tsoa linthong tsa tlhaho feela ke phetolo lik'hemik'hale ho fana ka thepa ea a lakatsa - amoxicillin, ampicillin. lithethefatsi tsena li ka ba le mosebetsi o phahameng khahlanong le libaktheria manganga ho biopenitsillinam.

Tse ling beta-lactams

Cephalosporins di fumaneha li-fungus ba lebitso tšoanang, 'me sebopeho sa bona e tšoanang le sebōpeho sa penicillins e hlalosang e tšoanang e bohloko itšoara joang. Cephalosporins ikarabella ka meloko e mene. lithethefatsi molokong o mong ka pele ho sebelisoa hangata ka ho fetisisa ea ho phekola sa tšoaetso ea bonolo a bakoa ke staphylococci kapa streptococci. La bobeli le la boraro cephalosporins molokong o mong ka motho ea mafolofolo ho feta khahlanong le libaktheria mob mobile-mpe, 'me moloko oa bone oa ntho e - ka lithethefatsi matla ka ho fetisisa sebelisoa ho susumetsa tsoaetsanang ea matla.

Carbapenems ka katleho nka khato ka, grama e-mpe le anaerobic libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV. Tšobotsi bona positive, ke ho ba sieo ha ho hanyetsa baktheria ho ea lithethefatsi le esita le ka mor'a nako e telele ea kopo ea eona.

Monobactams hape a sebetsa ho beta-lactams le na le mochine tshwanang ya bohato ea lithibela-mafu, ke tšusumetso e ka mabota a ka cell ea libaktheria. Ba li sebelisetsoa ho tšoara mefuta e fapaneng ya ho tsoaetsoa mafu a fapaneng.

macrolides

Sena ke sehlopha sa bobeli. Macrolides - lithibela-mafu tlhaho, eo na le e rarahaneng sebopeho cyclic. Li emela homogeneous polynomial lactone lesale khomaretse k'habohaedreite moieties. From palo ea liathomo k'habone ka lesale ho itšetleha ka thepa ya moriana. Khetholla 14-, 15- le metsoako 16-membered. The a manyenyane ea nkang khato ea likokoana-hloko e ka bophara lekana. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka seleng likokoana-hloko tse ke ke itšoara ka ribosomes me ka tsela eo tlōla tsa tswakana protheine ka seleng ea kokoana-hloko e ka inhibiting ntjha liphetoho monomer phaella ho ketane peptide. Ho bokella liseleng boitshireletso ba mmele, macrolides phethile le intracellular polao ea likokoana-hloko.

Macrolides tse ngata sireletsehileng le tlase nang le chefo e le har'a lithibela-mafu e tsebahalang e atlehang khahlanong le seng feela a mob mobile ea HIV, empa libaktheria negative. ho sebelisa ha bona e sa a hlokomela liphetoho tse sa rateheng-morao. lithibela-mafu tsena li tšoauoa ka e le hantle bacteriostatic, empa ka concentrations phahameng, ka ba le phello e bactericidal ka pneumococci le ba bang ba microorganisms tse ling. Ka mokhoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa macrolides ba arotsoe ka tlhaho le semisynthetic.

Lithethefatsi pele ho tswa ho sehlopha sa ba macrolides tsa tlhaho erythromycin ile a fumana ka bohareng ba tse lekholo tse fetileng le 'nile la sebelisoa ka katleho khahlanong le libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV manganga khahlanong le penicillin. A moloko o mocha oa lithethefatsi sehlopheng sena hlaha ka 70s ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo 'me ho pharaletseng sebediswa ho fihlela joale.

lithibela-mafu Macrolide boetse ho na le seka - azolides le ketolides. Azolide The lactone lesale molek'hule ea, pakeng tsa ea borobong le ea leshome k'habone liathomo kenyelleditswe naetrojene athomo. Moemeli azolides azithromycin ke a manyenyane sephara ea ketso le mosebetsi ikutloeleng a mob mobile ea HIV le a mob mobile-mpe libaktheria, ba bang ba anaerobes. Ho le lintho tse ngata tsitsitseng haholoanyane ka mahareng asiti, ha li bapisoa le erythromycin, 'me ka' na ipokellela ka eona. Azithromycin e sebelisoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ya le mafu tsa pampitšana matšoafo, pampitšana mosese, mantle a, letlalo le ba bang.

Ketolides lokisitsoeng ke attaching oa boraro athomo keto lactone lesale. Ba ka tlaase ho moo mokhoa ona-eaba ba etsa libaktheria, ho bapisoa le macrolides.

tetracyclines

Tetracyclines tse sehlopheng sa polyketides. Ho lithibela-mafu tse sephara-manyenyane bacteriostatic se nang matla. Moemeli oa pele oa bona - chlortetracycline, o ile a 'notši ka bohareng ba tse lekholo tse fetileng e mong oa ea ka setso sa actinomycetes, eo hape a bitsoang li-mushroom tlale thabo. Lilemo tse seng kae hamorao oxytetracycline e se e ile a fumana ho tswa ho kolone ea fungus e tšoanang. Setho sa boraro sa sehlopha sena ke tetracycline, e neng e qala ho bōpa ka k'hemik'hale phetolo ya chloro sehlahisoa lona, 'me selemo hamorao hape ka thōko ho tloha actinomycetes. lithethefatsi tsohle tse ling tsa tetracycline sehlopha li seka-maiketsetso derivatives tsa metsoako tsena.

dintho tsena tsohle li tšoanang ka sebopeho lik'hemik'hale le thepa ya mosebetsi khahlanong le mefuta e mengata ea libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV le a mob mobile-mpe, ba bang ba likokoana-hloko, 'me protozoa. Ba manganga ho lemalla le microorganisms. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka seleng ea baktheria e ho thibela ka tshebetso ya ho protheine biosynthesis. Ketso ea limolek'hule lithethefatsi a mob mobile-mpe libaktheria li feta ka lisele tse ka diffusion bonolo. The mochine oa ho kenella ka hare tsa likaroloana lithibela-mafu ka ho libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV e ntse li sa utloisisoe ho, empa ho na le likhopolo-taba tse tetracycline limolek'hule sebelisana le ions tsa tšepe tse itseng tse ka lisele tsa libaktheria ho theha metsoako e rarahaneng. Ka tsela eo ho na le lekhalo le ka ketane nakong protheine tswakana hlokahalang bakeng sa li-cell baktheria. Liteko tsa paka hore ho chlortetracycline bacteriostatic concentrations lekane ho thibela metsoako protheine tswakana, empa bakeng sa thibelo ya tswakana nucleic acid e hloka concentrations phahameng ya moriana.

Tetracyclines sebelisoa ho loantša lefu le a liphio, tšoaetso e sa tšoaneng ea letlalo, matšoafo le maloetse a mang a mangata. Haeba ho hlokahala, ba ile ba nka sebaka penicillin, empa lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho sebelisoa ha tetracyclines haholo fokotseha, ka lebaka la ho hlaha ha ho hanyetsa ea microorganisms hore sehlopha sena ea lithibela-mafu. Mpe karolo e bapaloang ke ho sebelisoa ha lithibela-mafu e le e tseloe ho fepa ka liphoofolo, ho fellang ka fokotseha phekolo thepa ea moriana e loketseng ho ketsahalo ea ho hanyetsa eona. Ho hlōla ho eona, ba khethiloe ka motsoako oa lithethefatsi e fapaneng le mochine e fapaneng ya bohato loantsang likokoana ea lithibela-mafu. Ka mohlala, kalafo le phello ntlafatsoa ke kopo tsoa hong ea tetracycline le streptomycin.

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides - tlhaho le seka-maiketsetso lithibela-mafu le manyenyane pharaletse haholo tsa mosebetsi, e nang le ka litlhaka kahare ea molek'hule aminosaharidov. O ile a pele aminoglycoside streptomycin, ka thōko ho tloha likolone tsa li-fungus ray, bohareng ba tse lekholo tse fetileng 'me a sebelisa ka mafolofolo ho phekola e sa tšoaneng tsoaetsanang. Ka bactericide, lithibela-mafu tsa sehlopha itse ke e atlehang esita le ka maloetseng ka matla fokotsehile. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka seleng likokoana-hloko tse ke sebopeho sa maqhama a matla covalent le liprotheine le ribosomes kokoana-hloko ho timetsoa ha tswakana protheine ka liphetoho baktheria seleng. E sa utloisise ka ho feletseng mochine aminoglycoside bactericidal e le hantle, ho fapana bohato bacteriostatic tsa tetracyclines le macrolides hape khahlanong le protheine tswakana liseleng baktheria. Leha ho le joalo, ho tsebahala hore aminoglycosides ba mafolofolo feela tlas'a maemo a aerobiki, kahoo ba bontša bokgoni tlaase ka lisele tse ka phepelo e fokolang ya mali.

Ka mor'a hore lithibela-mafu pele - penicillin e le streptomycin, ba qala ho ho joalo ho pharaletseng sebediswa ea ho phekola lefu la leha e le efe hore haufinyane haholo ho na le e ne e le bothata ho microorganisms sebelisoa ho lithethefatsi tsena li ka. Jwale, streptomycin e sebediswa haholo-holo hammoho le moloko tse ling tsa morao-rao tsa lithethefatsi ho tšoara lefuba kapa joalo, kajeno tsoaetsanang seoelo tse kang mafu a seoa. Maemong a mang a abeloa kanamycin, le boetseng le moloko oa pele oa aminoglycoside lithibela-mafu. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho toxicity phahameng tsa kanamycin jwale ratang gentamicin - lokisetsa ho ea molokong o mong ka bobeli, moloko o mong boraro le ba lokisetsa ho ea amikacin ke aminoglycoside - e ka seoelo sebediswa ho thibela ho lemalla tlhokeng microorganisms.

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol kapa chloramphenicol, ke lithibela-mafu tsa tlhaho le manyenyane lohle la bohato, a sebetsang a ka palo e khōlō ea lintho tse phelang a mob mobile ea HIV le a mob mobile-mpe, batho ba bangata ba likokoana-hloko e khōlō. Ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale e nkiloeng nitrofenilalkilaminov, e ile ea pele o ile a fumana ho tswa ho setso sa actinomycetes ka bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, 'me lilemo tse peli hamorao hape tsa maiketsetso ka lik'hemik'hale.

Chloramphenicol na le phello e bacteriostatic ka microorganisms. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka seleng ea baktheria e ho thibela mosebetsi oa sethothetsi sebopeho tshebetso ya ho litlamo peptide ka tswakana protheine ha ribosomes. ho chloramphenicol hanyetsa ka libaktheria develops butle haholo. Lithethefatsi le sebelisitsoe ka feberu ea mala lefu kapa shigellosis.

Glycopeptides le lipopeptides

Glycopeptides - e cyclic peptide metsoako eo e leng ba tlhaho kapa semisynthetic lithibela-mafu le manyenyane moqotetsane tsa mosebetsi oa mefuta e itseng ea microorganisms. Ba ikitlaetsa le phello e bactericidal ka libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV, 'me ka nka sebaka penicillin e tabeng ea ho hanyetsa eona. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu ka microorganisms ka hlalosoa ka ho sebopeho sa kgokagano le-amino acid le sele leboteng peptidoglycan, ka tsela eo hatella tswakana bona.

Pele glycopeptide - vancomycin, o ne a hlahiswa ho tloha actinomycetes, tlosoa ho mobu oa India. Ke lithibela-mafu tlhaho tse sebetsang khahlanong le microorganisms, esita le ka nako ya ho ikatisa. Qalong, vancomycin ne e sebelisoa e le Phetolo tabeng ea penicillin e allergy ho lona, ho phekola mafu a tsoaetsanang. Leha ho le joalo, ba ntse ba eketseha ka ho hanyetsa ea lithethefatsi e se e le bothata bo tebileng. Ka lilemo tse 80 ho ile ha fumanoa teicoplanin - e lithibela-mafu ho tloha sehlopha sa glycopeptides. O ile a khethoa ka tšoaetso ea e le 'ngoe,' me hammoho le gentamicin, o ile a fana ka litholoana tse molemo.

Qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo la bo20 la lilemo, sehlopha se secha ea lithibela-mafu - lipopeptides thōko ho tloha Streptomyces. Lik'hemik'hale ba cyclic lipopeptides. Ena lithibela-mafu le manyenyane moqotetsane tsa bohato, bontša le phello e bactericidal khahlanong le libaktheria a mob mobile ea HIV, 'me staphylococci tse manganga lithethefatsing tse beta-lactam le glycopeptides.

The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu fapane haholo ho ba se tsebahalang - mekhoa e lipopeptide ka ho ba teng ha k'halsiamo ions maqhama a matla le lera seleng ea libaktheria leng isang depolarization le qhala lona tsa tswakana protheine, e le hore seleng e le kotsi e-shoa. Moemeli oa pele oa sehlopha sa ba lipopeptides - daptomycin.

Mabapi le daptomycin a ka ho hlokomela le reiti ea bohlokoa ea mosebetsi bactericidal, 'me botlhokwa go feta - lebaka la ho hloka ea sefapano-hanyetsa, kapa bonyane lieha haholo sebopeho lona ka lebaka la hore ho na le mochine o motjha feletseng tsa ketso ea lithibela-mafu kenyelletsoa sebōpeho sa ntho e.

polyenes

Sehlopha se hlahlamang - polyene lithibela-mafu. Kajeno ho na le ikutloe e khōlōhali e mafu a fungal ba thata ho tšoara. Ho loantša bona ke antifungal dintho - tlhaho kapa seka-maiketsetso polyene lithibela-mafu. Pele antifungal lithethefatsi ke ntse bohareng ba tse lekholo tse fetileng ba ile ba qala ho Nystatin, e neng e ka thōko ho tloha Streptomyces setso. Nakong ena, tloaelo ya kalafi kenyelleditswe lithibela-mafu polyene tse ngata, tswang mefuta e fapaneng ya fungal litso - griseofulvin, Levorinum le ba bang. Re amohetse feela tshebediso ya polyenes ke se moloko bone. lebitso la e Tloaelehileng ba fihla ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha litlamo 'maloa habeli ka limolek'hule le.

The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu polyene e loketseng hore ho thehoe litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale le sterols lera seleng ea ka li-fungus. Polyene molek'hule ka tsela eo aa ageletsweng ka lera seleng e le mefuta e Ion ka megala le kanaleng leo ka lona dikarolo atolosa lisele tse ntle, ea isang ho ntsha lona. Ka tekanyetso tlaase polyenes rua mosebetsi fungistatic le ka e phahameng - fungicide. Leha ho le joalo, mosebetsi oa tsona e sa koahetsoe ke libaktheria le likokoana-hloko.

Polymyxin - lithibela-mafu tsa tlhaho tse hlahisoang ke libaktheria mobu spore. Ka phekolo, ba 'nile ha sebelisoa ka 40-ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng. formulations tsena fapana le phello bactericidal, eo ho bakoa ke ho senya ka lera cytoplasmic ea lisele kokoana-hloko ho etsa hore timetsoa ha eona. Polymyxin e atlehang khahlanong le libaktheria mob mobile-mpe le tse ka seoelo lemalla microorganisms. Leha ho le joalo, e phahameng haholo toxicity lekanyetsang ho sebelisa ha bona ka phekolo. Metsoako tsa sehlopha sena - polymyxin B sulfate le polymyxin sulfate M sebelisoa ka seoelo 'me feela ka litokisetso pokello.

antitumor lithibela-mafu

Actinomycin hlahiswa bang ray, li-fungus, ba le phello e cytostatic. Natural actinomycins ka sebopeho di hromopeptidami tšoaneng amino acid ka liketane le peptide hore fumana hore na mosebetsi oa bona likokoana-hloko. Actinomycin hohela tlhokomelo ea ditsebi joaloka lithibela-mafu antitumor. The mochine ea nkang khato e loketseng hore ho thehoe ka litlamo ho lekaneng tsitsitseng tsa liketane peptide ya moriana le habeli Helix DNA ea kokoana-hloko 'me ka tsela eo thibela ea tswakana tsa RNA.

Dactinomycin, ea fella ka hore 60s ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, e le oa pele anticancer moemeli eo o fumane tšebeliso ea phekolo oncologic. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho ba bangata ba litla-morao tsa lithethefatsi ena ke ka seoelo sebelisa. Hona joale re fumana lithethefatsi a sebetsang a feta antineoplastic.

Anthracyclines - e matla ka ho fetisisa-ba khahlanong le hlahala moemeli thōko ho tloha Streptomyces. The mochine oa ketso ea lithibela-mafu tse amanang le ho thehoa ha mehahong ternary ka liketane DNA le liketane tsena khefu. Le ea bobeli khoneha mokgwa wa ketso loantsang likokoana ka lebaka la tlhahiso ea radicals lokolohile hore oxidize lisele tse kankere.

Ea anthracyclines tsa tlhaho ka bitsoa daunorubicin le doxorubicin. Classification ea lithibela-mafu ho latela mochine oa bona oa bohato ka libaktheria go baya ka ditlhopha bona ka microbicide. Leha ho le joalo, toxicity tsona tse phahameng a tlameha ho batla metsoako e ncha hore ba 'nile ba lokisetsa maiketsetso. Ba bangata ba bona ba 'nile ba atleha ho sebelisoa ka Oncology.

Lithibela-mafu li telele ba karolo ea ikwetlisetse bongaka le bophelo ba motho. Thanks ho bona, ba ile ba hlōloa ka mafu a mangata, e leng ka lilemo tse makholo ho ne ho nkoa le sa phekoleheng. Hona joale, ho na le ke ho fapafapana tsa metsoako tsena, e leng hloka feela tlhophiso ea lithibela-mafu ho ea ka mochine oa ketso le manyenyane, empa hape ka litšobotsi tse ling tse ngata.