Seo mesebetsi ka seleng phetha acid e nucleic? Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa acid nucleic

acid Nucleic phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka seleng, ho etsa bonnete ba tshebetsong lona le ho ikatisa. thepa tsena ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho bitsa ba bobeli dimolekhule tsa thutotshelo bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ka mor'a protheine. Bafuputsi ba bangata ba esita le a nke ho DNA le RNA le sebaka sa pele, e bolelang boleng bona ka sehloohong ea tsoelo-pele ea bophelo. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba ba ho nka sebaka bobeli ka mor'a liprotheine, hobane motheo oa bophelo bo sa tsoa polipetidnaya molek'hule.

acid Nucleic - ena ke boemo ba fapaneng ea bophelo le lintho tse ngata ho feta e rarahaneng le e thahasellisang ka lebaka la ha e le hantle hore e mong le mofuta oa molek'hule o na le mosebetsi o itseng bakeng sa hae. Sena ke ho hlokahala hore ho utloisisa ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Khopolo ea acid e nucleic

All acid e nucleic (DNA le RNA) ke likokoana-hloko heterogeneous polymers eo fapana ka palo ea lipotoloho. DNA ke habeli tsielehile polymeric molek'hule hore e na le tlhahisoleseding liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang eukaryotic. Chitja DNA molek'hule e ka na le boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tse ka bang likokoana-hloko. Ena ea HIV le adenovirus. Ho na le boetse ho na le e khethehileng mofuta 2 DNA: mitochondrial le plastid (fumanoang ka chloroplasts).

RNA boetse o na le mefuta e haholo e kholoanyane hore ho bakoa ke mesebetsi e fapaneng nucleic acid e. Ho na le RNA tsa nyutlelie, e nang le lesedi le liphatsa tsa lefutso ea libaktheria le likokoana-hloko ka ho fetisisa, le popeho (kapa lenģosa RNA), ribosomal le lipalangoang. Kaofela ha bona ba amehang ka polokelo ya lesedi le liphatsa tsa lefutso, kapa ho hlahisa maikutlo phatsa ea lefutso. Leha ho le joalo, e leng mesebetsi ka seleng sebetsa acid e nucleic ke ho hlokahala hore ho utloisisa ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Habeli tsielehile DNA molek'hule

mofuta ona wa ea DNA - ke tsamaiso e phethahetseng ea polokelo ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso. Habeli tsielehile DNA molek'hule ke molek'hule le 'ngoe e entsoeng ka monomers heterogeneous. Sepheo sa bona ke ho bōptjoa ha litlamo hydrogen pakeng nucleotides tsa liketane tse ling. Self DNA monomer bopilwe ka botlaaseng nitrogenous, le masalla orthophosphate le hlano k'habone monosaccharide deoxyribose. Ho itšetlehile ka ea mofuta ofe naetrojene botlaaseng e motheong oa itseng DNA monomer, ho na le lebitso lona. Types of monomers DNA:

• deoxyribose moiety le orthophosphate le adenylic nitrogenous botlaaseng;
• thymidine nitrogenous botlaaseng le deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate;
• cytosine nitrogenous botlaaseng le masalla desoksiriboza orthophosphate;
• orthophosphate le deoxyribose le nitrogenous guanine masalla.

The lengolo bakeng sa ho nolofatsa mosebetsi oa potoloho sebōpeho sa DNA adenylic masalla denoted ka "A", guanine - "G", thymidine - "T" le cytosine - "C". Ho ke ke bohlokwa hore tlhahisoleseding liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka isoa ho tswa ho DNA habeli-tsielehile ka lenģosa RNA. Ho se tšoane ka hanyane hae: mona e le k'habohaedreite moiety ha deoxyribose le ribose, 'me ho fapana thymidylic nitrogenous botlaaseng uracil le hlaha ka RNA.

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa DNA

DNA e thehiloe molao-motheo oa e polymer tsa likokoana-hloko, eo ho eona ketane le e mong o ile a bōpa pele ka mohlala esale pele ho itšetlehile ka boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa sele motsoali. DNA Nukleodidy li amana ka litlamo covalent. Ka mor'a moo, ho ea ka molao-motheo oa complementarity ho nucleotides ea limolek'hule le ba se nang balekane-tsielehile ba ikopanya le nucleotides tse ling. Haeba e le 'ngoe-tsielehile nucleotide molek'hule e hlahisa ho qala ka adenine, bobeli (e tlatsetsang) oa potoloho e tla tsamaisana thymine. Guanine e tlatsetsang ho cytosine. Kahoo, habeli-tsielehile DNA molek'hule e hahoa. Ho ka khenele le boloka lesedi lefa e khouthollotsweng codons - triplets tsa nucleotides. Mesebetsi ya DNA habeli-tsielehile:

• Pholosa fumaneha motsoali seleng ea lefa tlhahisoleseding;
• phatsa ea lefutso ho hlahisa maikutlo;
• tšitiso ho fetola sebopeho sa phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le.

Meaning of liprotheine le acid nucleic

Ho lumeloa hore ho sebetsa ha liprotheine le acid nucleic tloaelehileng, e leng, ba ile ba ba le seabo ka ho hlahisa maikutlo phatsa ea lefutso. asiti Nucleic ka boeona e - e le polokelo ea bona sebakeng se le protheine - e ke lebaka qetellong ea ho bala boitsebiso bo tsoang phatsa ea lefutso e. Gene ka boeona e ke e le kabelo ea bohlokoa ea e mong DNA molek'hule tsa phutheloa ka chromosome, eo ho eona tlhahisoleseding e tlalehiloeng ke nucleotides tsa sebōpeho sa protheine ho khetheha. phatsa ea lefutso e mong encodes le amino acid e tatelano ea protheine e 'ngoe feela. protheine e tla sebedisa tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le lefa.

The tlhophiso ea mefuta RNA

Mesebetsi ya acid nucleic ka seleng ke sa tšoaneng haholo. 'Me ba ba bangata ka ho fetisisa tabeng ea RNA. Leha ho le joalo, multifunctionality ena e ntse e le a lekanyelitsoeng hobane e le mofuta o mong oa RNA o ikarabella ho e mong oa mesebetsi eo. Tabeng ena, e mefuta e sa RNA latelang:

• ea nyutlelie RNA likokoana-hloko 'me libaktheria li;
• popeho (lesedi) RNA;
• ribosomal RNA;
• lenģosa RNA plasmids (the chloroplast);
• chloroplast ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial popeho RNA;
• fetisetsa RNA.

mesebetsi RNA

tlhophiso ena e fana ka mefuta e 'maloa ea RNAs hore ba arotsoe ho ea ka sebaka. Leha ho le joalo, ho latela tshebetso, ba lokela ho aroloa ka mefuta e 4 e bohle: ka libetsa tsa nyutlelie, tlhahisoleseding, ribosomal le lipalangoang. Ribosomal RNA mosebetsi ke protheine tswakana thehiloeng nucleotide tatelano ea lenģosa RNA. Ka tsela eo acid e amino "Tray" ho RNA ribosomal "strung" ka lenģosa RNA, ka acid e phetiso ribonucleic. Kahoo go tswakana tsoela ho tswa phelang efe kapa efe e nang le ho ribosome. Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa acid nucleic le fana ka pholosa boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso, 'me e etsa hore protheine tswakana tshebetso.

asiti Mitochondrial nucleic

Haeba seo mesebetsi ka seleng phetha acid e nucleic sebakeng motheo kapa cytoplasm ya hoo e batlang e tsohle tsebahalang, ea boitsebiso mitochondrial le plastid DNA, ho na le e nyenyane. E boetse e fumanoa ribosomal itseng le lenģosa RNA. The acid nucleic DNA le RNA ba teng le mona esita le tse phelang ho fetisisa autotrophic.

Mohlomong acid e nucleic kena seleng ke symbiogenesis. tseleng ena e nkoa ke bo-rasaense ba e le ho fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe ka lebaka la ho haella ha litlhaloso tse mefuta e meng. tshebetso ho nkoa ka tsela e latelang: ka hare ka seleng ka nako ea itseng a tla symbiontic avtorofnaya baktheria. Ka lebaka leo, sena akaryote lulang hare lisele le fana ka ka ho eona le matla, empa butle-butle degrades.

Ka mekhahlelo ea pele ea ho iphetola ha lintho, mohlomong a nyutlelie-mahala phelisana baktheria fallela dithulaganyo mutational ka motheo oa sele moamoheli. Sena se ile sa liphatsa tsa lefutso le boikarabelo ba ho boloka boitsebiso bo mabapi le sebōpeho sa liprotheine mitochondrial e phunyeletse ka acid e ea nucleic ea sele moamoheli. Leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke hore na mesebetsi e ka seleng phetha acid nucleic se hlahang ho yona mitochondrial, boitsebiso boo ha e ngata.

Probably karolong liprotheine mitochondrial tsa maiketsetso bao sebopeho e-s'o khouthollotsweng ke DNA ea nyutlelie kapa RNA moamoheli. E boetse ke ho ka etsahala hore mochine e loketseng ea tswakana protheine e hlokahalang feela hobane seleng eo liprotheine tse ngata tsa maiketsetso ka cytoplasm e, a ke ke fumana ka lera a mabeli mitochondria ena. The organelles ya data ho hlahisa matla, 'me ka hona tabeng ea mocha e itseng kapa transporter protheine bakeng sa lekana lona bakeng sa tshisinyo limolek'hule le khahlanong le ea mahloriso kretiente.

Plasmid DNA le RNA

Ka plastids (chloroplasts) Hape o na le DNA ea eona, eo mohlomong e le boikarabelo ba ho kenya tshebetsong mesebetsi tšoanang joaloka tabeng ea acid mitochondrial nucleic. Ho boetse ho na le ribosomal, popeho le phetiso lona RNA. Le plastids, ho ahlola ka palo ea lera la, ho ena le ho ea ka palo ea liphetoho skeletal, ho le thata ho fumana. Hoa etsahala hore plastids bangata ba nang le 4 lera lera, e leng e hlalosoa ka litsebi ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng.

Ntho e 'ngoe e hlakile: ho sebetsa ha acid e nucleic ka lisele tse ka ithuta ho fihlela joale insufficiently. Ha ho tsebahale hore kamoo ho leng bohlokoa ho mitochondrial oona tsamaisong protheine synthesizing le tšoanang le hloroplasticheskaya hae. Ho boetse ho na le ha ho hlake hore na ke hobane'ng lisele tse hloka mitochondrial acid e nucleic, haeba liprotheine (ho hlakile hore hase bohle) di se a ntse a khouthollotsweng ka DNA le tsa nyutlelie (kapa RNA, ho itšetlehile ka phelang). Le hoja ba bang ea litaba ba tlameha ho amohela hore le protheine synthesizing mitochondrial le chloroplast tsamaiso e khopo ea ikarabellang ka mesebetsi e tšoanang e le DNA ea khubu le cytoplasm RNA. Ba boloka lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso, ikatisa le fetisetsa ho lisele morali.

kakaretso

Ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa tse mesebetsi ka seleng phetha nucleic acid e ea nyutlelie, plastid le hlahang ho yona mitochondrial. Sena se bulela menyetla ea tse ngata tsa saense, hobane mochine phelisana, ho ea ka eo ho eona ho ne ho autotrophic phelang tse ngata tse ka ikatisa kajeno. Sena se tla fana ka mofuta o mocha oa lisele tse, mohlomong esita le batho. Leha ho litebello tsa ho kenya tshebetsong mnogomembrannyh plastid organelles liseleng mathoasong a haholo ho se bua.

Bohlokoa haholo ke ho utloisisa hore ka seleng acid nucleic le boikarabelo ba ho hoo e ka bang tsohle dithulaganyo. Sena biosynthesis protheine, 'me boloka boitsebiso bo mabapi le sebōpeho sa lisele tse. Le motuya koleka, ea acid e nucleic sebetsa ho fetiswa mosebetsi oa lintho tse bonahalang lefa lisele tse ho tloha motsoali ho ngoana. Sena se tla netefatsa ntshetsopeleng eketsehileng dithulaganyo ho iphetola ha lintho.