Sebelisana nonallelic mefuta liphatsa tsa lefutso le mefuta e

Phetiso ea litšobotsi tsa melokong e loketseng ho sebelisana pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ya liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ke seo phatsa ea lefutso, le tseo le tsona li na le dirisana pakeng tsa bona?

Ke seo phatsa ea lefutso?

Tlas'a liphatsa tsa lefutso ha jwale fana ka maikutlo a phetiso ya ka yuniti ya lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fumanoang ka DNA le eona foromo mehaho likarolo. E mong le e phatsa ea lefutso e ikarabella tswakana ea itseng protheine molek'hule, e etsa hore le pontšo ea tšobotsi ka batho.

E mong le e phatsa ea lefutso e na le subspecies 'maloa kapa alleles eo etsa hore mefuta e fapaneng ya le matšoao (mohlala, Hazel leihlo mala bakoang ke allele ka sehloohong tsa lefutso ha putsoa ke recessive tšobotsi). Alleles li fumaneha ka e tšoanang libaka tsa homologous chromosomes, le phetiso ea itseng chromosome bakang pontšo ea tšobotsi.

liphatsa tsohle sebelisana. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea sebelisana - allelic le batho bao e seng allelic. Ka lebaka leo, tse ka thōko sebelisana allelic le liphatsa tsa lefutso bao e seng allelic. Joang ba fapana mong ho e mong le hore ho bontša?

History of sibolloa

Pele ile ha fumanoa mefuta e mengata ea sebelisana bao e seng allelic ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho ile ha ba nka hore feela khoneha ka ho feletseng busa (haeba ho na le ke e phatsa ea lefutso e ka sehloohong, pontšo ea ho tla hlaha; ha ho ha e, ka nako eo la tag e ke ke ea e). Atileng thuto ea sebelisana allelic, eo e telele e ne e le ea 'ona motheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Busa sekasekile, 'me ho ile ha buloa lona mefuta tse kang e feletseng le fellang busa ba bang,' me kodominirovanie superdominance.

All tsena melao-motheo ke tsona tse mamela litaelo tsa pele molao oa Mendel, eo ke balile ka tshwano tsa pele molokong o mong ka poone e nyalisitsoeng.

Holim 'a hlokomela ka ho eketsehileng le ho ithuta, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore se litšobotsi tsohle ikamahanya le khopolo busa. A ho feta ka ho phethahetseng ho ithuta eona e ne e ipakile e le hore, e seng feela e le 'ngoe phello pontšo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e khethollang kapa sehlopha sa litšobotsi tse. Kahoo, mefuta e meng ea sebelisana le nonallelic liphatsa tsa lefutso, ba 'nile ba sibolotse.

liphetoho e pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le

Ha e ntse e 'nile ha boleloa bakeng sa nako e telele busitse thuto ea lefa la' muso o hlaheletseng. Tabeng ena, ho sebelisana allelic ileng sa etsahala, ao ho 'ona ho le bontšang ho bontšoa feela boemo heterozygous. Mora litsela tse sa tšoaneng sebelisana bao e seng allelic tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ne li sibolla, bo-rasaense ba ile ba khona ho hlalosa mefuta e hitherto unexplained ea lefa le ho fumana likarabo tsa lipotso tse ngata.

Ho ile ha fumanoa hore molao oa tsamaiso ea phatsa ea lefutso e itšetlehile ka potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le. enzyme tsena lumella liphatsa tsa lefutso itšoara ka litsela tse fapaneng. The sebelisana allelic le batho bao e seng allelic phatsa ea lefutso a ke melao-motheo e tšoanang le merero. Sena se ile sa etsa qeto ea hore lefa ha ea itšetleha ka maemo a eo ho eona liphatsa tsa lefutso sebelisana le sesosa phetiso makgetheng atypical itšetlehile ka liphatsa tsa lefutso bona.

sebelisana bao e seng allelic e ikhethang, e le hore u ho fumana tlhakantsuke le lecha litšobotsi, a etsa hore ka tsela e itseng o mocha oa ho pholoha le ntshetsopele tsa lintho tse phelang.

bao e seng allelic liphatsa tsa lefutso

Bao e seng allelic liphatsa tsa lefutso ha lia tseo hore li fumaneha ka fapaneng likarolo tse ling tsa batho bao e seng homologous chromosomes. Tswakana mosebetsi ba na le e 'ngoe, empa ba encode sebopeho sa liprotheine fapaneng, a etsa hore le matšoao a sa tšoaneng. liphatsa tsa lefutso tse joalo li itšoara ka mong ho e mong ka etsa hore tsoelo-pele ea matšoao a ho e kopanya 'maloa:

• Tšobotsi e 'ngoe e loketseng ho sebelisana ba' maloa, e fapaneng haholo ka sebopeho phatsa ea lefutso.
• makgetheng maloa tla itšetleha ka phatsa ea lefutso e le 'ngoe.

Ba itšoara joang pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsena li etsahala batla rarahane ho feta ho sebelisana allelic. Leha ho le joalo, mong le e mong mefuta ena a itšoare na le litšobotsi tse ba lona le litšobotsi.

ke mefuta sebelisana bao e seng allelic tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ke efe?

• Epistasis.
• Polymers.
• Complementarity.
• Action modifikatornyh liphatsa tsa lefutso.
• sebelisana polypheny.

E mong le e ba mefuta eno ya sebelisana na lona ikhethang thepa le bontša ka boeona e ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng.

Ho ke ke ha hlokahala hore li khefutsang teng ho feta ntlha ka 'ngoe ea tsona.

epistasis

Sena itšoara joang nonallelic liphatsa tsa lefutso - epistasis - lemohiloeng tabeng moo e mong phatsa ea lefutso patelang mosebetsi oa tse ling tse (hatellang phatsa ea lefutso bo matla bo bitsoa epistatic le quenchable - gipostatichnogo phatsa ea lefutso).

Itšoara joang pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka ba ka sehloohong le recessive. Laolang epistasis hlokomelwe ha epistatic phatsa ea lefutso (hangata denoted ke lengolo ke, haeba ha ho na Link phenotypic ho hlahisa maikutlo) patelang batho hypostatic phatsa ea lefutso (e hangata denoted V kapa b). Recessive epistasis ho etsahala ha e allele recessive ke epistatic phatsa ea lefutso thibela le pontšo ea alleles efe kapa efe phatsa ea lefutso gipostaticheskogot.

Bokaholimo ba matsoele litšobotsi phenotypic, le e mong le e ba mefuta eno ya ditshebeditsano, ke e fapaneng hape. Ha epistasis ka sehloohong boo hangata a hlokomela tse latelang tsa paterone: moloko oa bobeli oa phenotypes karohano e tjena - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 kapa 12: 3: 1. Tsohle itšetlehile ka eo liphatsa tsa lefutso li hammoho.

Ha joalo karohano retsissivnom epistasis: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

complementarity

Sebelisana tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso bao e seng allelic, ao ho 'ona ha kopantseng litšobotsi tse' maloa ka sehloohong alleles thehoa ncha, hitherto phenotype ne ke sa kopana, o bitsoa complementarity.

Ka mohlala, hangata ka ho fetisisa mofuta ona wa itšoara joang pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka dimela (haholo-holo mokopu).

Ha genotype tsa semela o na le 'muso o hlaheletseng allele A kapa B, ho meroho gets sebopeho chitja. Ha genotype retsissivny, foromo fetal hangata atoloswa.

Ka ho ba teng ha tse peli tse ka sehloohong genotype alleles bobeli (A le B) mokopu fumanang sebopeho disk-joaloka. Ha ho eketsehileng boitšoaro hybridization (i.e., ho tsoela pele sebelisana ena nonallelic liphatsa tsa lefutso maphutshe mola letlooa), ho isa molokong o mong bobeli e ka fumaneha 9 liphoofolo tse discoid sebopeho 6 - chitja le mong mokopu o molelele o sebopeho.

tsa nyalana joalo hlahisa e ncha, lebasetere mofuta oa dimela le thepa e ikhethang.

Ho batho, mofuta ona wa sebelisana bakang ntshetsopele tloaelehileng ea hore ho mameloe nyeoe (mong phatsa ea lefutso - ntshetsopele ya hohotse e, e mong - ba methapo ea kutlo utluwang), 'me ha ho na le ke e' ngoe feela e ka sehloohong tšobotsi bonahatsa botholo.

polymerism

Atisa ho ba motheo oa ponahalo ea tšobotsi e hase boteng ba allele laolang kapa recessive la phatsa ea lefutso, 'me palo ea tsona. Sebelisana nonallelic liphatsa tsa lefutso - lehoakhoa - ke mohlala oa bontshiweng joalo.

Polymeric le phello liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka tsoela pele ka cumulative (tseloe) le phello kapa ka ntle ho eona. Ha tekanyo ea ho bokella le matšoao a khethollang ho itšetlehile ka sebelisana le kakaretso ea phatsa ea lefutso (liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata, le ho feta e lebisitsoeng sesupo). Bana ba nang le phello e tšoanang le e arotsoe ka mokgwa o latelang: - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (tekanyo ea pontšo ea bath le e fokotsehile, ke hore, ka letšoao le leng motho ea lebisitsoeng ho fetisisa, ba bang ba hlokometse fading hae ho fihlela ho tlatsa nyamele).

Ha e le hantle cumulative e sa hlokomela, ponahalo ea lipontšo itšetlehile ka alleles 'muso o hlaheletseng. Haeba ho na le allele bonyane le nngwe, pontšo e ke e etsahale. Haeba bana ba joalo ha e le hantle petsoha etsahala ka karo-karolelano ea 15: 1.

Ketso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso modifier

Sebelisana tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso bao e seng allelic, e laoloa ke bohato modifier e hlokometse batlang e le ka seoelo. Mohlala oa sebelisana joalo e tjena:

• Mohlala, ho na le liphatsa tsa lefutso D, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa mala o matla. Puso e ka sehloohong, phatsa ea lefutso o laola ponahalo ea 'mala, ha a ntse a sebopeho sa retsissivnogo genotype la phatsa ea lefutso ena, esita le haeba ho na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ling hore a laole ka ho toba' mala o tla hlaha "hlapholla phello ea 'mala" eo hangata a hlokomela ka litoeba le Milky-tšoeu mmala.
• Mohlala o mong oa joalo ba ikutloa ka tsela e le ponahalo ea mottling 'meleng oa liphoofolo. Mohlala, ho na le ke F phatsa ea lefutso bao mathomo mosebetsi - tshwano ya daea boea. Ka sebopeho sa recessive genotype ulu e dailoeng unevenly, ka ponahalo, kaha mohlala, matheba tšoeu sebakeng se itseng ea 'mele.

Joalo bao e seng allelic sebelisana tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho batho bontša ka boeona e ka seoelo.

pleiotropy

Ka mofuta ona wa sebelisana o laola pontšo ea phatsa ea lefutso kapa ama tekanyo ea pontšo ea phatsa ea lefutso e 'ngoe.

Liphoofolo pleiotropy bonahatsa ka tsela e latelang:

• Litoeba polypheny mohlala ke dwarfism. Ho 'nile ha hlokomeloa hore, ha tšela litoeba phenotypically tloaelehile molokong oa pele le litoeba tsohle hanyane ne undersized. Ho ile a etsa qeto ea hore dwarfing bakoa ke phatsa ea lefutso recessive. homozygotes Recessive khaotsa ho ba hōla, ho na le e ne e le ntshetsopele e fokolang ea litho tsa ka hare le ho litsoelesa. phatsa ea lefutso ena dwarfing phello ea pituitary tšoelesa ntshetsopeleng ka litoeba, 'me sena se ile sa etsa hore ea fokotseha ka tswakana hormone le bakileng ka liphello tsohle.
• Platinum mala oa liphokojoe. Pleiotropy tabeng ena, le bolaeang phatsa ea lefutso e ile bontšitse hore sebopeho sa homozygote laolang hlohlelletsoa lefu la embryos.
• Batho polypheny ditshebeditsano ho bontšitsoe mohlaleng oa phenylketonuria, 'me lefu Marfan.

Karolo e phethoang ke sebelisana le nonallelic

Ka ho iphetola ha lintho tsohle tsa mefuta e ka holimo ea sebelisana bao e seng allelic tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa. phatsa ea lefutso tlhakantsuke New bakela ponahalo ea litšobotsi tse ntjha le thepa ea lintho tse phelang. Maemong a mang, libōpeho tsena kenya letsoho hore ho ho pholoha ha ba phelang, ka batho ba bang - le hoo, etsa hore lefu la batho bao ba hore o tla haholo totobala har'a mefuta ea tsona.

Bao e seng allelic sebelisana ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e atisa ho sebelisoa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ho ikatisa. Mefuta e meng ea lintho tse phelang li a lula ke recombination tšoanang phatsa ea lefutso. mefuta e meng e fumana thepa eo ba haholo bohlokoa ka lefatše la kajeno (mohlala, ho felisoa ha e bakang e ncha ea liphoofolo hore na ho ba le mamello e khōlō le e matla 'meleng ho feta motsoali oa motho ka mong lona).

Mosebetsi e tsentswe tabeng ea ho sebelisa mefuta ena ea lefa la batho le hore ho felisa litšobotsi tse mpe tsa ho liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho le ho bōptjoa le lecha, sekoli ntle genotype.