Quaternary nako ya Cenozoic Mehla: tlhaloso, histori le baahi

Last Geological 'me hona joale ho tla Quaternary ile ka thōko ka 1829 ke rasaense Jules Desnoyers. Russia, e boetse e bitsoa anthropogenic. Ea ka mongoli oa lebitso lena ka 1922, e ile ea e jioloji Alexey Pavlov. bohato ba pele ba hae o ne a batla ho hatisa hore nako ena e amanang le ponahalo ea motho.

The ikhethang ea nako e

Bapisoa le linako tse ling tse Geological tsa nako Quaternary fapane lekgutshwanyane fetisisa nako (palo yohle milione 1,65. Years). Tsoela pele kajeno, e sala e felang. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe - ho ba teng ka sediments Quaternary ba litlhaka kahare setso tsa batho. nako ena e tšoauoa ka liphetoho tse ngata le matla a klimate, ka tsela e hlollang susumetsoa tikoloho ea tlhaho.

Iphetang tsidifatso fella glaciation latitudes leboea le wetting latitudes tlaase. Ho futhumala ha bakileng hantle phello bo fapaneng. lihlopha Sedimentary tsa nakong e fetileng lilemo tse sekete fapaneng sebopeho rarahaneng tsa sehiloeng a lekanyelitsoeng brevity ya foromo le dikarolo variegated. Quaternary e arotsoe linako tse peli (kapa lefapha): Pleistocene le Holocene. Le moeli pakeng tsa bona larileng ka ka ho pota 12 likete tse fetileng.

Fallela ha limela le liphoofolo

Ho tloha qalong ea nako ea Quaternary ile tšoauoa ka haufi le dimela ea kajeno le liphoofolo. Liphetoho ka letlole la e itšetlehileng ka ho feletseng ka ho latellana tsa tsidifatso le ho futhumala ha. Ka qala ho ea mefuta glaciation cold- fallela boroa le tsoakane le karolo ea lelapa. Ka linako tsa ho eketseha mocheso karolelano ke tshebetso khutlisetsang. Ka nako ena, atolosa haholo ka taba ea ho fedisa ke tekano mofuthu, tropike le e chesang e mongobo limela le liphoofolo. Ka nako e itseng, ho nyamela kaofela tundra mokhatlo oa lefatše manyolo.

Flora ne makhetlo a 'maloa ho tloaela radically fetola maemo. likoluoa tse ngata nakong ena o ne a tšoauoa ka nako Quaternary. fetohang ea tlelaemete li lebisa ho impoverishment mefuta sephara-leaved le lulang se le setala, hammoho le ho atolosoa ha tikoloho herbaceous dimela.

Ho iphetola ha lintho ea liphoofolo tse anyesang

Liphetoho tse ngata hlokomelehang ka liphoofolo tse anyesang lefatše phoofolo ameha (ka ho khetheha tekanyo ea ho ungulates le Proboscidea ka Leboea ea Lefatše). Ka Pleistocene e loketseng ho ka tšohanyetso a klimate shocks shoa tsoa mefuta e mengata thermophilic. Ka nako e tšoanang ka lebaka le tšoanang ho na le liphoofolo tse ntjha tse molemo ikamahanya le maemo ho phela maemong a thata a tikoloho. Tlhōrō fela liphoofolo fihla pakeng tsa Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 likete lilemong tse fetileng). Leha ho le joalo, tsidifatso ea sebopeho sethaleng koahela sekoahelo ikemiselitse ka Quaternary.

Qetellong ea Pliocene Afrika Europe Bochabela e ne e le lehae la ho mastodons, karolong e ka boroa tlou hipparions, elgohry-toothed le linkoe, litsukulu le Etruscan sa t. D. Ka bophirimela ho World Khale ho phela limpshe le likubu. Leha ho le joalo, ka Pleistocene mathoasong a liphoofolo a qala ho fetoha haholo. Ka qala ho ea ea Dnieper glaciation, ba bangata ba mefuta e thermophilic fallela boroa. Ka tsela e tšoanang le ile a khaotsa kabo sebakeng limela. Mehla Cainozoic (Quaternary haholo-holo) phihlelo matla mefuta eohle ea bophelo.

quaternary bestiary

Moeling o ka boroa oa thaba ea leqhoa le ho na le mefuta e joalo ea pele, joaloka mammoth ea, woolly rhino, likhama, musk-pholo, lemming, tšoeu grouse. Kaofela ha bona ba ne ba lula feela libakeng tse batang. Lehaheng litau, libere, mafiritšoane, litsukulu le tse ling tse seqhenqha-lerato la pele ba ne ba lula libakeng tsena fetohile timele.

Boemo ba leholimo batang thehoa Caucasus, ho Alps, le Carpathians le Pyrenees, qobella mefuta e mengata ea ho siea lithaba tse phahameng le lula liphula le. Woolly litsukulu le mammoths hapa esita le karolong e ka boroa Europe (se ke a letho oohle oa Siberia, moo ba ileng ba oela Amerika Leboea). liphoofolo Relict ya Australia, Amerika Boroa, South le Afrika Bohareng ba pholoha leboha ho itšehla thajana lona ho tloha ba bang kaofela ea lefatše. Mammoths le liphoofolo tse ling li hantle ikamahanya le maemo ho tlelaemete a thata, o ile a timele mathoasong Holocene. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho sa tsotellehe glaciation tse ngata mabapi le 2/3 ya holim'a metsi Lefatše e ka mohla angoa ke lakane leqhoa.

ntshetsopeleng batho

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, litlhaloso fapaneng Quaternary sitoa ho etsa ntle le ho "batho." Ntshetsopeleng e potlakileng ea motho e - e le ketsahalo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea nako ena eohle ea histori. Sebaka sa ketsahalo e le batho ba bangata ba boholo-holo hona joale nkoa Afrika Bochabela.

Baholo-holo mofuta o mong oa monna ea kajeno - the australopithecines, eo litho tsa lelapa la hominids. Ho ea ka likhakanyo tse sa tšoaneng, ka lekhetlo la pele ba ile ba hlaha ka Africa, milione 5 lilemong tse fetileng. Australopithecus butle-butle o ile a qala ho tsamaea lokileng le omnivorous. Ka bang limilione tse 2 lilemong tse fetileng, ba ile ba ithuta ho etsa lisebelisoa hlabolohang. Kahoo ho na le e ne e le monna e nago le mohola. milione e lilemong tse fetileng ha thehoa Pithecanthropus, mesaletsa ea tse fumanoang Jeremane, Hungary le China.

Neanderthals le batho morao-rao

lilemo tse 350 tse sekete tse fetileng ho ne ho Paleoanthropes (kapa Neandertals), foqohe lilemo 35.000 fetileng. Mesaletsa ea mosebetsi oa tsona oa li fumanoa ka latitudes boroa le bohareng ba Europe. Paleanthropic nkeloa sebaka ke batho ba mehleng ea kajeno (neanthropines kapa Homo sapines). Ba pele ba kena Amerika le Australia, hammoho le lihlekehlekeng tse ling tse ngata tse colonized ke maoatleng tse 'maloa.

Se le neanthropines khale hoo e ka bang ha ho fapane le batho ba kajeno. Ba hantle le ka potlako ikamahanya ho fetoha ha tlelaemete me ka ithuta ho bohlale sebetsana lejoe. hominids tsena a fumanoe mesebetsi ea matsoho lesapo, disebediswa khale 'mino, lintho tsa bonono e metle, ho roala mabenyane a.

Quaternary karolong e ka boroa Russia setseng tse ngata libaka archeological amanang le neanthropines. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba tsamaea ho ea libakeng tse ngata ka leboea. Cooling batho ba ithutile ho phela ka thuso ea liaparo boea le mello. Ka hona, ho etsa mohlala, Quaternary Bophirimela Siberia ka boela ka bona keketseho ea batho ba leka ho kena tšimong ea e ncha. lilemo le 5000 tse fetileng ho Bronze Age, lilemo tse 3000 tse fetileng - tšepe. Ka nako e tšoanang ka Mesopotamia, Egepeta le Mediterranean e simolohile litsi tsa tsoelo-pele ea boholo-holo.

liminerale

Bo-rasaense ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa le liminerale hore e re siea nako Quaternary. Mobung tsa sekete sa ho qetela ke mefuta e fapaneng ya mobung, bao e seng metallic le thepa combustible, tšepe se hlahang ho yona sedimentary. Tsebahalang littoral le alluvial mobung. Liminerale bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea nako Quaternary: khauta, litaemane, polatinamo, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile le zircon.

Ho phaella moo, ka boleng e khōlō ea tšepe e tšepe tse sa tšoaneng tsa letšeng le letšeng-Marsh hlahang ho yona. Sehlopha sena o ne a boetse a akarelletsa mankanese le mednovanadievye mobung. lihlopha tse joalo li tloaelehile maoatle.

Esita le boleng ba subsoil ho

Esita le kajeno tsoela pele eroding le equator 'me libakeng tsa tropike mafika ea nako Quaternary. Ka lebaka la mokhoa ona Ho thehoa laterite. sebopeho e joalo e tlotsitsoeng le aluminium le tšepe le ke liminerale bohlokoa African. Metalliferous banana peels latitudes tšoanang morui, mobung ea nikele, cobalt, koporo, a mankanese a, hammoho le clays refractory.

Ka nako Quaternary ho ne ho bohlokoa le liminerale tseo e seng tsa metallic. graviyniki ena (ho sebelisa ha bona ho atile kahong) le eaba ba etsa lehlabathe khalase, lejoe le potassium letsoai, sebabole, borates, peat, 'me lignite. Ka sediments Quaternary tlase ho lefatshe etsa qeto ea hore mohloli o ka sehloohong oa metsi a nooang. Se ke la lebala ka permafrost le leqhoa. Ka kakaretso, a ho qetela Geological nako e ntse e moqhaka, le ileng la qala ka lilemo tse fetang limilione tse likete tse 4,5 tse fetileng, ho iphetola ha lintho Geological ea Lefatše.