Molao, ho sa tsotellehe le lefa. Mendel ya melao. liphatsa tsa lefutso

Ka lebaka leo, ho etsa lipatlisiso, rasaense K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak ka 1900 li ne li "e Fumanoeng Bocha" melao ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, rerileng ka 1865 mothehi oa saense ya lefutso - Gregor Mendel. Ka liteko tsa bona, le rasaense ea sebelisoa e le mokhoa Hybridological ke tseo melao-motheo ea lefa la mekhoa le itseng thepa tsa lintho tse phelang li ne li rerileng. A sehloohong sena a re tla sheba melao ea motheo ea phetiso ea lefutso, ho ithuta liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Mendel le ho etsa lipatlisiso ba hae

Kopo hybridological mokhoa mo lumella ho theha palo ya melao, moo tsena melao ea Mendel. Ka mohlala, e ile e ile ea re ka puso ea tshwano tsa poone e nyalisitsoeng molokong o mong ka lekhetlo la pele (molao oa pele oa Mendel). O ile a bua ka liponahatso hantle ea F ₁ poone e nyalisitsoeng tšobotsi e 'ngoe feela, e laoloa ke phatsa ea lefutso e ka sehloohong. Kahoo, ke tšela dimela ea peō erekisi mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse fapana ka peo mmala (mosehla le o motala), bohle molokong o mong ka poone e nyalisitsoeng ea pele e ne e le feela mosehla mmala dipeo. Ho feta moo, bohle ba batho bana ba ne ba boetse ba sa genotype tšoanang (ne heterozygotes).

molao oa segregation

Ho tsoela pele le sefapano se pakeng tsa ka disampole nkiloe poone e nyalisitsoeng ea pele-molokong o mong ka, Mendel amohetse F ₂ bokaholimo ba matsoele makgetheng. Ka mantsoe a mang, phenotypically khetholloa limela le alleles recessive tsa teko tšobotsi ( 'mala o motala oa dipeo) ka chelete ea e mong-ea boraro ea poone e nyalisitsoeng tsohle. Kahoo, boipuso molao oa lefa la lumelloa Mendel amahanngoa phetiso mochine ka liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka sehloohong le recessive melokong e 'maloa ea poone e nyalisitsoeng.

Di- le poligibridnoe tšela

Ka liteko morago ga moo, Mendel thata maemo a bakeng sa ho kenya tshebetsong bona. Joale, bakeng sa ho tšela dimela ba ne ba isoa, e le tse peli tse ba fapane, 'me palo e khōlō ea lipara tsa litlhaku mefuta e meng. melao-motheo ea saense lateloa ka sehloohong le recessive lefa la liphatsa tsa lefutso le diphetho bokaholimo ba matsoele a fumana, e leng e ka ba emeloang ke moralo kakaretso (3: 1) ^{n g,} moo n g - palo ea lipara tsa litlhaku mefuta e meng e fapana motsoali oa batho ka bomong. Kahoo, bakeng sa tse peli tse-lebasetere tlolelana ha liphoofolo phenotypically petsoha bobeli molokong o mong ka poone e nyalisitsoeng tla ba le mofuta o le: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 kapa 9: 3: 3: 1. Ke hore, moloko oa bobeli oa poone e nyalisitsoeng ka ho ketekoa mefuta e mene ea phenotypes: semela le bosehla boreleli (9/16) lona, ka wrinkled bosehla (3/16), le dipeo tala boreleli (3/16) le le tala wrinkled (karolo 1/16 ). Kahoo, molao, ho sa tsotellehe le lefa o ile a fumana bopaki ba hae thuto ea lipalo, le poligibridnoe tsa nyalana ile a bonoa ha a batla a monohybrid - "superimposed" ka 'ngoe tse ling.

Mefuta ea lefa

Ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea litšobotsi tse phetiso le thepa ho tloha ho batsoali le bana. The criterion ka sehloohong mona ke taolo sebopeho tšobotsi phethahatsoa ka ke phatsa ea lefutso e le 'ngoe - lefa la monogenic, kapa ho feta - polygenic lefa. Pejana ho moo re sheba molao, ho sa tsotellehe lefa la mekhoa bakeng sa mono, 'me ba babeli-lebasetere ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, e leng ea pele, ea bobeli le ea boraro molao oa Mendel. Re tšohleng ka foromo ena e le lefa la amahanngoa le. motheo oa lona mogopolofela ke khopolo ea ho Thomas Morgan, e bitsoang chromosome. Bo-rasaense ba 'nile ba bontša hore, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa tšoaetsanoang ka ho bana le nosi, ho na le mefuta e ea lefa ke autosomal le mamarello ho kopanela liphate e amanang le.

Maemong ana, e le matšoao a seng makae motho e mong a se futsitseng hammoho e le laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso teng ka chromosome e tšoanang 'me ae beha haufi le - nngwe le e nngwe tse ling tse. Ba theha sehlopha khokahano bao palo e lekanang haploid sete ya chromosomes. Ka mohlala, karyotype batho ba chromosomes 46, eo e tšoana le lihlopha khokahano 23. Ho 'nile ha fumanoa hore e nyenyane le sebaka se pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka chromosome, e leng ka tlaase ho moo le hlaha pakeng tsa tshebetso phetoho, leng isang lipono tse makatsang tsa phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso.

Ka seo re se futsitseng liphatsa tsa lefutso teng ka X chromosome

Re tsoela pele ho ithuta le mekhoa ea ho ja lefa la hae, ho mamela le chromosomal khopolo ea Morgan. lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li bontšitse hore batho le liphoofolo (litlhapi, linonyana, liphoofolo tse anyesang) ho na le ke sehlopha ea lipontšo tsa ka mochine lefa leo susumetsang e mokatong motho ka bobeli. Mohlala, baki mmala ka likatse, mmala Pono le hoama mali ka batho ba laoloang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso sebakeng sa thobalano X chromosome. Ho tloha ka likoli tsa ngollana liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho phenotypically bonahatsa ka sebōpeho sa mafu a lefa, phatsa ea lefutso e bitsoang. Tsena li akarelletsa hemophilia le bofofu mmala. Qalang Mendel le T. Morgan o ile a lumella ho etsa kopo ya melao ya liphatsa tsa lefutso ka libakeng tse mahlonoko tseo ho leng ea mokhatlo oa batho e le moriana, temo, ho ikatisa ea liphoofolo, limela le microorganisms.

Kamano pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le thepa tsa bona ikemiselitse

Le lipatlisiso tsa kajeno li liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho ile ha fumanoa hore melao ea ikemetseng ea lefa ke tsa boela la atolosoa ka ho eketsehileng, ho tloha karo-karolelano ea "1 phatsa ea lefutso - 1 letšoao", ka sehloohong, ha ba bokahohleng. Saense re e-ba maemong a bjalo tsebahalang ea nkang khato multiple phatsa ea lefutso le ditshebeditsano nealellnyh dibopeho tsena tsa bona. mefuta e joalo e kenyeletsa epistasis, complementarity, polymers. Kahoo, ho ile ha fumanoa hore bongata ba melatonin letlalo pigment le boikarabelo ba ho 'mala oa eona, e laoloa ke sehlopha sa mekhoa lefa. The genotype ho feta ka sehloohong tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho le boikarabelo ba ho tswakana tsa pigment, ho le leso kudu letlalo. Mohlala ona o bontša ba ikutloa ka tsela e kang polymers. Ka dimela, ka foromo ena ea lefa la tlhaho dimela lijo-thollo tsa lelapa la ka leo khoahlapisitseng ho taka polymeric laoloa sehlopha sa liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Kahoo, genotype tsa e mong le e phelang e na le tsamaiso ea ho feletseng. Ho ile ha thehoa ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea histori ea mefuta e sa - phylogeny. Puso ea lipontšo tsa ho fetisisa le litšobotsi khethehileng - ke phello ea ditshebeditsano phatsa ea lefutso, bobeli allelic le batho bao e seng allelic, 'me ba ka susumetsa ntshetsopele ya le litšobotsi tse' maloa tsa phelang.