Molal mahloriso. Ho bolela'ng molare le molal mahloriso?

Molare le mahloriso molal, ho sa tsotellehe mabitso tse tšoanang, litekanyetso le tse fapaneng. Phapang ea bohlokoa ke hore ka beha molal mahloriso manolotsoeng o entsoe se ka bophahamo ba modumo ea tharollo e le phumano molarity, ha boima ba 'mele oa solvent ena.

Akaretsang boitsebiso bo mabapi le tharollo le solubility

tharollo ea 'nete e bitswang homogeneous tsamaiso, e akarelletsang ho sebopeho lona palo ea likarolo, ikemetseng ho tloha nngwe le e nngwe tse ling tse. E mong oa bona ke solvent, 'me ba bang kaofela ba dintho qhalwa ho ya ka sona. solvent e nkoa e le ntho e ka tharollo eo ho fetisisa.

Solubility - ntho le lintho tse ling ho theha tsamaiso e homogeneous - ditharollo oo ke ka mokgwa wa liathomo motho, ions, limolek'hule kapa likaroloana. A mahloriso - ka tekanyo e itseng solubility.

Ka lebaka leo, solubility ya dintho ke bokhoni ba ho ka ajoa ho lumellanang ka mokgwa wa likaroloana tsa motheo ho pholletsa le bophahamo ba modumo ea solvent ena.

ditharollo ba 'nete ba classified e le e latelang:

• ke mofuta oa solvent - bao e seng ea metsi le metsi;
• ke mofuta oa solute - likhase ditharollo, acid, alkalis, matsoai, joalo-joalo.;
• bakeng sa sebelisana ka morao-rao ea motlakase - electrolyte (dintho hore na conductivity motlakase) le batho bao e seng electrolyte (dintho se khonang ho conductivity motlakase);
• ho tsepamisa mohopolo - hlapolotsoeng le concentrated.

Tsa mahloriso le mokhoa oa ho ho hlahisa maikutlo lona

Mahloriso pitso dikahare (boima) ea ntho e qhalwa ho ya ka e itseng (boima kapa bophahamo ba modumo) ya solvent, kapa ka bophahamo ba modumo hlalosoa ya tharollo palo yohle. Hoa etsahala mefuta e latelang:

1. The mahloriso thahasella (bontšitsoeng ka%) - e re bolella kamoo dikgerama ngata solute tse dikgerama 100 tsa tharollo.

2. molare mahloriso - ke palo ea moles mob mobile ka litha e le nngwe ea 1 ea tharollo. Ho bontša hore na a mangata a mob mobile-limolek'hule tse litha e le nngwe ea 1 ea tharollo ea ntho ena.

3. The mahloriso tloaelehile - ke palo ea a mob mobile-equivalents ka litha e le nngwe ea 1 ea tharollo. Ho bontša hore na ba bangata ba leng a mob mobile equivalents tsa solute ya ka litha e le nngwe ea 1 ea tharollo.

4. molal mahloriso bontša moles ba bakae ba solute ka chelete e ka 1 kilogerama ea solvent.

5. Titer rerang diteng (ka dikgerama) ya solute qhalwa ho ya ka 1 millitara ea tharollo.

Molare le concentrations molal fapaneng le e mong le tse ling. Nahana ka litšobotsi tse bona ka bomong.

Ea mahloriso molare

The mokgwa wa ho laola ho:

Tlanepantla = (v Le / V), moo

v Le - palo ya dintho qhibiliha Mol;

V - palo yohle bophahamo ba modumo ea tharollo litha e le nngwe kapa ^m3.

Mohlala, "0,1 M tharollo ea H ₂ SO _4" e bontša hore ka litha e le nngwe ea 1 ea tharollo jwalo se teng 0,1 Mol (9.8 g) ya acid e sulfuric .

molal mahloriso

O lokela ho lula hlokomele 'nete ea hore molal le molare concentrations na meelelo e fapaneng ka ho feletseng.

ke molal seo mahloriso ea tharollo? The mokgwa wa ho laola ho:

Cm, = (v, / limithara), moo

v Le - palo ya dintho qhibiliha Mol;

m - boima ba solvent e, lik'hilograma.

Mohlala, ngola 0,2 M NaOH tharollo e bolela hore ka ho 1 kilogerama ea metsi (tabeng ena, ho ke solvent) dissolving 0,2 Mol NaOH.

mekhoa eketsehileng hlokahalang bakeng sa dipalelo

Tse ngata thusang lesedi ka 'na ha hlokahala e le hore a mahloriso molal ile balwa. Moralo, eo e ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata a ka sehloohong ke tse latelang.

Used chelete ea ntho ν hlokomela palo e itseng ea liathomo, dieleketerone, limolek'hule, ions kapa likaroloana tse ling eona.

v Le = limithara / M = N / N A = V / V limithara, moo:

• m - boima ba le motsoako, g, kapa lik'hilograma;
• M - molare boima, g, (kapa lik'hilograma) / Mol;
• N - palo ya diyuniti mehaho;
• n _A - palo ya diyuniti mehaho ka 1 mole tsa ntho e itseng, Avogadro kamehla: ^6,02. La ²³ October Mol ^{- 1;}
• V - ka kakaretso bophahamo ba modumo ea k kapa limithara ^3;
• V _limithara - molare bophahamo ba modumo, a etsang dilitara tse / mole kapa ^m3 / Mol.

Last balwa ka tsela e latelang:

V _limithara = RT / P, moo

• R - kamehla 8,314 J / (Mol ^K.);
• T - khase mocheso, K;
• P - khase khatello ea Pa.

Mehlala ea maikemisetso bakeng sa molarity le molality. mosebetsi №1

Ho fumana hore na mahloriso molare tsa hydroxide potassium tharollo ka bophahamo ba modumo ea 500 di ml. Boima KOH tharollo o lekana le dikgerama 20.

tlhaloso

Molare boima ba hydroxide potassium ke:

_KOH M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g, / Mol.

Re ka lebella ho hongata ho potassium hydroxide e leng ka tharollo:

ν (KOH) = limithara / M = 20/56 = 0,36 mole.

Re hlokomele hore molumo ea tharollo lokela ho bontšoa ka a etsang dilitara tse:

500 di ml = 500/1000 = 0.5 a etsang dilitara tse.

Beha mahloriso molare tsa hydroxide potassium:

Tlanepantla (KOH) = v Le (KOH) / V (KOH) = 0,36 / 0,5 = 0,72 Mol / litha e le nngwe.

mosebetsi №2

Seo sebabole oxide e (IV) tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng (i.e., ha P = 101325 Pa, le T = 273 K) lokela ho nka e le hore ho lokisetsa sulfurous acid e tharollo ka ea mahloriso ya 2,5 Mol / litha e le nngwe ya bophahamo ba modumo ea a etsang dilitara tse 5?

tlhaloso

Re hlalosa e le asiti sulfurous tse tharollo:

ν (H ₂ SO ₃₎ = CV (H ₂ SO ₃₎ ∙ V (tharollo) = 2.5 ∙ 5 = 12.5 Mol.

Abel fumana acid e sulfurous o na le mofuta o latelang:

SO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO ₃

Ho ea ka ena:

ν (SO ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ SO _3);

ν (SO ₂₎ = 12.5 Mol.

Ho beha hopola hore tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng ea 1 mole tsa khase e na le bophahamo ba modumo ea a etsang dilitara tse 22,4, e bophahamo ba modumo pele tsa oxide e oa sebabole:

V (SO ₂₎ = ν (SO ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12.5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 a etsang dilitara tse.

mosebetsi №3

Ho fumana hore na mahloriso molare tsa NaOH ka tharollo eo ka eona lona boima karoloana, lekana le 25,5%, le segokanyipalo sa tsa 1,25 g, / ml tse.

tlhaloso

O ile a amohela e le tharollo sampole ka bophahamo ba modumo ea litha e le nngwe ea 1 le ea bona hore boima ba sona:

limithara (tharollo) = V (tharollo) ∙ P (tharollo) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 a mob mobile.

Re ka lebella ho hongata ho ba sampole ka boima ba 'mele a alkali:

limithara (NaOH) = (w Le ∙ limithara (tharollo)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 dikgerama.

Molare boima ba hydroxide sodium lekanang ho:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g, / Mol.

Re ka lebella ka hydroxide sodium e leng ka sampole ea:

v Le (NaOH) = limithara / M = 319/40 = 8 Mol.

Beha mahloriso molare ya a alkali le:

Tlanepantla (NaOH) = v Le / V = 8/1 = 8 Mol / litha e le nngwe.

mosebetsi №4

Ka metsi (100 dikgerama) li ne li qhibiliha dikgerama 10 letsoai NaCl. Behantsha mahloriso ea tharollo (molality).

tlhaloso

Le boima molare tsa NaCl o lekana le:

M _NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g, / Mol.

Number NaCl, tse tharollo:

ν (NaCl) = limithara / M = 10/58 = 0,17 mole.

Tabeng ena, ho solvent ke metsi:

dikgerama 100 tsa metsi = 100/1000 = 0,1 lik'hilograma H ₂ O ka tharollo.

Molal mahloriso ea tharollo e tla lekana le:

Cm, (NaCl) = v Le (NaCl) / limithara (metsi) = 0,17 / 0,1 = 1,7 Mol / lik'hilograma.

mosebetsi №5

Beha mahloriso molal tsa 15% NaOH a alkali tharollo.

tlhaloso

15% a alkali tharollo bolela hore e mong le dikgerama 100 ba tharollo e na dikgerama 15 of NaOH le 85 dikgerama ea metsi. Kapa hore ka mong le e mong ka dikilogeramo 100 ba tharollo e na le boima ba lik'hilograma tse 15 NaOH le 85 lik'hilograma metsi. E le hore ho loka ho eona, ke ke ho hlokahala ka dikgerama 85 (dikilogeramo) H ₂ O qhibiliha 15 dikgerama (lik'hilograma) ya a alkali.

Molare boima ke sodium hydroxide:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g, / Mol.

Hona joale re fumana chelete ea hydroxide sodium ka tharollo:

ν = limithara / M = 15/40 = 0.375 Mol.

solvent Weight (metsi) a lik'hilograma:

dikgerama 85 H ₂ O = 85/1000 = 0.085 lik'hilograma H ₂ O ka tharollo.

Ka mor'a moo ke ikemiselitse molal mahloriso:

Cm, = (ν / limithara) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 Mol / lik'hilograma.

Ho latela bothata tsena tloaelehileng ka rarolloa, 'me boholo ba ba bang ho fumana hore na molality le molarity.