Cars, Lorries
Destroyers: tobileng. destroyers ketsahalo sehlopha sa le mefuta bona
histori ea fleets sesole ya matla kgolo le bohlokoa lintoa leoatleng la ho XIX lekholong la lilemo la e inextricably amahanngoa le destroyers ena. Kajeno ena ha e sa ba brisk lebelo likepe le displacement nyenyane, e le mohlala o ikhethang oa e "Zamvolt" mofuta destroyers US, qetellong ea 2015 lokolloa ka liteko tseo leoatle.
ke destroyers seo
Motimetsi, 'me ka mantsoe a mang, ho motimetsi - sehlopheng sa likepe tsa ntoa. Multi-lebelo likepe laolehang habonolo li ile tsa qalong etselitsoeng ho khaoletsa le ho timetsa likepe sera sa ka libetsa mollo ha sireletsa le lebothong leo likepe boima lieha-tsamaea. Ke tšimoloho ea Pele ea Lefatše Ntoa, sepheo se ka sehloohong sa destroyers - torpedo hlasela likepe tse khōloanyane lireng. Ntoa ea atolosoa le mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi destroyers, ba sebediswa bakeng sa-ba khahlanong le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie le-ba khahlanong le lifofane tshireletso, ho hlasela. E o ile a qala ho eketsa boleng ba bona e le sehlopha, e haholo e ile ea eketseha displacement le firepower.
Kajeno, ba sebeletsa le ho loana le submarines, likepe le lifofane (lifofane metsu) lireng.
Destroyers ke le mosebetsing paterole, ba ka sebelisoa bakeng sa ho reconnaissance, fana ka libetsa tšehetso nakong lulisa le beha minefields.
Pele ho ile ha latela sehlopha sa tsa likoloi leseli, seaworthiness bona e ne e le tlaase, le nosi ba ke ke ba nka khato. libetsa tsa bona ka sehloohong e ne e le ba ka. Ho sebetsana le bona ka fleets bangata ba 'nile a hlaha ho thoeng ke bo-ralitima - tse nyenyane lijana phahameng-lebelo, e leng seo torpedoes e le qalo ea le kotsi e khethehileng XX lekholong la lilemo la nahanne kateng. Hamorao, likepe tsena li ne li reha motimetsi.
Motimetsi - hobane e torpedo pele phetohelo e ile la bitsoa ka Serussia merafong intša propelled. Lebothong leo - hobane lebeloa ke lebothong leo ka le ho etsa lintho ka ho phetha karolo ea bona ea ho etela libaka ea likepe e name le oceanic.
Semelo sa destroyers sehlopha sa
Torpedoes hlometseng British Navy Eitse ka kotara ea ho qetela ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX. Le destroyers pele ba ne ba e hahiloeng ka 1877 destroyers "Lehalima" (UK) le "Bang" (Russia). Nyenyane phahameng-lebelo le theko e ho hlahisa, ba ka teba e khōlō sekepe ea mohala.
Lilemo tse peli hamorao, ka likepe British e ile ea hahoa motso destroyers matla le ho feta, France - leshome le metso, ho Austria-Hungary le Denmark - ka bonngoe.
Le atlehileng. ka bohato Russia likepe nakong ea Serussia Turkish ntoa ea 1877-1878. le ntshetsopele ya torpedoes ile sa etsa hore ho ne ho bōptjoa minonosnogo likepe ya kgopolo ya hore bakeng sa ho sireletsa metsi mabopong ha ho hlokahale kholo armadillos theko e phahameng, bothata bona ka a rarolla haholo tsa likepe tse nyenyane phahameng-lebelo minonosnyh le displacement nyenyane. Ka eighties tsa lekholong la lilemo la XIX e ile ea qala ka sebele "minonosny" boom boom. Feela pele matla ea likepe e name - Brithani, Fora le Russia - ne a fleets bona, 325 destroyers. Replenished ke makhotla a joalo le Navy US, Austria-Hungary, Jeremane, Italy le linaheng tse ling tsa Europe.
Lichaba tseo tsa likepe e name ho pota ka nako e tšoanang qalisa ho bōptjoa ha likepe ho timetsa likepe torpedo le ea ka. Tsena "ralitima destroyers" ba ne ba lokela ho tšoana le Greyhound, ntle ho torpedoes, na e le karolo ea libetsa le libetsa na le e tšoanang matla a pokello, hammoho le likepe tse ling tse kholo ka sehloohong likepe.
Displacement "moloaneli" e bile e khōloanyane ho feta hore ba destroyers ena.
Prototypes destroyers latela British torpedo pheleu "Polifemus" hahiloe ka 1892, ho haella ha seo e leng libetsa fokolang libetsa, cruisers "Archer" le "ea hlahloba" gunboats "Dryad" mofuta ( "Halcyon") le "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " alamo "), e motimetsi kgolo" Swift "haha ka 1894 ka libetsa fapanyetsana, ho lekaneng ho e senya destroyers sera.
The British hape hahileng bakeng sa Japanese armored motimetsi oa pele-sehlopha sa "Kotak" kgolo displacement le matla matla a limela le hlomeletsoe hantle, empa le seaworthiness sa khotsofatseng, 'me ka mor'a hae sekepe ho loantša destroyers "destructor" o ile a laela ka ho Spain, moo e ile classified e le e torpedo gunboat .
destroyers pele
Ka khohlano ka ho sa feleng ea British le French British sesole sa metsing pele e hahetse likepe tse tšeletseng, e leng fapana batla ka ponahalo, empa ba ne ba ka tsela e tšoanang ho tshwara litšobotsi tse le matsoho a ka ntshuwang ho retelehela ho rarolla mathata a torpedo destroyers kapa moloaneli. displacement bona e ne e le ka 270 limithara, lebelo la - 26 mafito. Ba hlometseng ka likepe tsena 76mm mong, 57mm tharo lithunya le methapo torpedo tse tharo. Liteko li bontšitse hore esita le ho hlongoa tsoa hong ea libetsa tsohle ha di ame maneuverability le lebelo. The seqha sa sekepe ne a koahetsoe Karalas ( "sekolopata khetla"), ea ileng a sireletsa le conning tora le hlomamisa e le sethaleng sa mollo ka sehloohong. Terata, breakwaters mahlakoreng a ezalaki na mwa ndako ka ho sireletsa ba bang kaofela ba sethunya sa.
French motimetsi pele e ile ea hahoa ka selemong se fetileng ya XIX, le US - qalong ea lilemo tsa bo latelang. Ka US, 16 destroyers ho ile ha hahoa bakeng sa ho lilemo tse 'nè.
Russia, ka mathoasong a lekholo la ho ile ha hahoa ne ba se na mabitso, kahoo e bitsoang destroyers lakesense. Ha displacement lithane tse 90-150 ba fihla lebelo la mafito 25, e mong a hlometseng ba ile ba tsitsitseng, tse peli tse nkehang torpedo le sethunya leseli.
Ikemetseng destroyers sehlopha sa qalileng teng ka mor'a ntoa 1904-1905 GG le Japane.
Destroyers qalong ea XX lekholong la lilemo la
Ka mathoasong a lekholo la ka kaho ea turbine matla dimela mouoane destroyers tla. Phetoho e joalo e ka tsela e hlollang eketsa lebelo la sekepe. Origin motimetsi le powerplant e ncha bakeng sa liteko kgona ho ba le lebelo la mafito 36.
Ebe England a qala ho haha destroyers sebetsa ka oli, e sa mashala. Latelang mafura hae mokelikeli o ile a qala ho fallela fleets tsa linaheng tse ling. Russia, e ne e le morero "Novik", se hahiloeng ka 1910.
Russia-Japanese ntoa ea sireletsa Port Arthur le Ntoa ea Tsushima, eo ba ne ba bokana robong Russia le mashome a mabeli-le leng Japanese motimetsi, o ile a bontša bofokoli ba mofuta ona wa likepe le bofokoli ba matsoho a bona.
By 1914, displacement tsa destroyers eketsehile ho tonnes 1000. Hulls bona li ne li entsoe ka tšepe a masesaane, e tsitsitseng le selefouno le 'ngoe-tube, torpedo methapo nkeloa sebaka ke selotlolo tubular ka sethala le manakana a potolohang ka tsitsitseng tlhokeng Turismo Optical. Torpedo e-ba moholo, lebelo bona e ile ea eketseha haholo le mefuta e fapaneng.
maemo a fetohile oa basesisi ba bang kaofela le balaoli destroyers basebetsi. Balaoli ba ile a fumana ezalaki na mwa ndako ka thoko bakeng sa lekhetlo la pele ka British motimetsi "River" ka 1902.
Nakong destroyers ntoa le displacement ba ho fihlela ho e mong le halofo lithane tse sekete, e leng lebelo la 37 mafito litanka mouoane le nozzles oli, e mene hararo tube, torpedo tsoibilang le lithunya tse hlano caliber 88 limilimithara kapa 102 ba kopanela ka mafolofolo paterolang, raiding tshebetso, ho ipehela minefields, isoa mabotho. Ka kholo ka ho fetisisa sesole sa metsing ntoeng ea ntoa - ntoa ea Jutland - ba teng ke tse fetang 80 a Brithani le a 60 destroyers Sejeremane.
Ntoeng ena, ho destroyers o ile a qala ho etsa mosebetsi o mong - ho sireletsa likepe ho tloha submarines tlhaselo, hlasela ka libetsa mollo kapa ho shapa basali pheleu. Sena se entse hore e ile ea eketseha housings destroyers, thepa ea hydrophones bakeng sa ba bonoa ba submarines le liqoso botebo. Ka lekhetlo la pele sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie e ne e tetebetse ke liqoso botebo motimetsi "Llewellyn" ka December 1916.
Brithani bōptjoa nakong ea ntoa, le lecha karohano - "moeta-pele oa destroyers e reng," le makgetha a ho le leholo le le libetsa ho feta karolelano ea motimetsi. Ho ile reretsoe ho tlisa tlhaselo ea destroyers lona, ntoeng le sera, lihlopha laola destroyers le reconnaissance lebothong leo ka.
Destroyers ka nako interwar
Phihlelo ea Pele ea Lefatše Ntoa e bontšitse hore torpedoes lekaneng destroyers bakeng sa ntoa. Ho eketsa palo ea eo mohloli ka sebopeho a maqheka tse tsheletseng ne hlomamisa liphaephe.
A sethaleng e ncha ka mosebetsi oa kaho ena mofuta oa likepe ka nkoa Japanese destroyers mofuta "Fubuki". armament bona e ne e ena e matla lithunya tse tsheletseng tse hlano lisenthimithara le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le kgolo ya bophahamo, e leng e ka sebediswa e le-ba khahlanong le lifofane 'me tse tharo mararo-tube, torpedo methapo le torpedoes oksijene thaepa 93 "Long Lens". Latelang Japanese torpedo destroyers Phetolo ya disebediswa tsa ho kapele recharging qala ho beha ka mokatong superstructure.
destroyers US, "Porter" diporojeke tse kgolo "Mahan" le "Gridley 'ne loketseng le tse hlano ka intshi lithunya mafahla,' me joale e ile ea eketseha palo ea methapo torpedo 12 le 16 ka ho latellana.
destroyers French, "lengau" mofuta di se a ntse a displacement tse pedi M le 130 limilimithara Cannon sekete..
Ho latela Hitler rearmament lenaneo ho haha destroyers eketsehileng le Jeremane, tse kang likepe ka 1934 re ne re e displacement ea 3 sekete. T, empa tšebeletso ea futsanehileng. Destroyers mofuta 1936 e se e hlometseng ka 150-limilimithara lithunya boima.
Majeremane destroyers sebelisoa ka turbine mouoane tlhomamiso le mouoane phahameng khatello. E tharollo popontshwa le, empa e ile ea etsa hore mathata a tebileng a ka nyenyenyane ena.
Ha ho bapisoa, Japanese le Sejeremane mananeo a kaho ea destroyers kgolo, ea Brithani le Maamerika a ile a qala ho etsa leseli, empa likepe tse ngata haholo. Mefuta British motimetsi A, B, C, D, E, F, G le H le e displacement ya 1.4 sekete. T na robeli torpedo methapo le tse 'nè 120 limilimithara caliber lithunya. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e tšoanang ba ho ile ha hahoa a kang "Tribal" motimetsi le displacement tse fetang 1,8 sekete. Lithane tse ka turrets sethunya a mane, eo ho eona robeli mafahla-lekanyetsa bokhoni ba 4,7-ka intshi lithunya mounted.
Ka hona ha ho ne sa fumanoa destroyers J mofuta le methapo leshome torpedo le litora tse tharo le lisebelisoa tse tsheletseng di behuwe ka bobedi, le L, tse neng li beha ka di behuwe ka bobedi lithunya tse tsheletseng tse ncha bokahohleng le torpedo methapo robeli.
US destroyers mofuta "Benson," displacement ea 1,6 sekete. T, tse leshome li ne li le hlometseng torpedo methapo le tse hlano ka 127-limilimithara (5 lisenthimithara tse) lisebelisoa.
The Soviet Union pele ho Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše destroyers hahetse morero le konosetse tsa 7appa 7, eo ho eona echelon tokisetso ea semela matla e ntlafalitse survivability sa likepe. Ba ile ba qapa ka lebelo la 38 mafito ka displacement tse ka bang 1,9 sekete. T.
1/38 bakeng sa morero ona e ile ea hahoa baeta-pele tse tšeletseng tsa destroyers (Head - "Leningrad"). Le displacement tsa boima ba lithane tse ka bang 3 sekete, ka lebelo la 43 mafito le matha ka mefuta e fapaneng ya 2.1 likete limaele ..
Italy, ho Black likepe e ile ha hahoa moeta-pele motimetsi "Tashkent" lithane tse likete tse nang le displacement ea 4.2, ka lebelo le palo e kahodimodimo ea 44 lefito le mefuta e fapaneng matha ka o moholo ho 5 sekete. Miles ka 25 mafito lebelo.
Phihlelo ea Second Ntoa ea Lefatše
Nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, o ile a nka karolo ka mafolofolo lifofane, ho akarelletsa le ho etsa liopereishene ntoa leoatleng. Ka destroyers ba ile ba qala ka potlako ho theha lithunya-ba khahlanong le lifofane le radars. Ho loantša ho submarines se ho feta e tsoetseng pele o ile a qala ho sebelisa likanono.
Destroyers ke "consumable" fleets ea linaha tsohle tse mabifi. Ba le likepe tse ngata tsa litonanahali, kenya letsoho lintoeng tsohle theater kaofela tshebetso sesole leoatleng. destroyers Jeremane nako eo o ne a feela kamore lehlakoreng.
Bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-XX, ba bang ba destroyers nakong ea ntoa, eseng ho haha turang likepe e ncha, ba 'nile ba ntlafatswa ho toba bakeng sa ntoa ea-ba khahlanong le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie.
Hape ho ile ha hahoa 'maloa a e khōloanyane, ba hlometseng ka lithunya jarolla ka ho iketsa ea mollo e khōlō, likanono, radar, likepe sonar: - ". Forrest Sherman" destroyers Union Project 30-bis le 56, Senyesemane "Ba iteta sefuba" le American
Mehla ea lerumo destroyers
Ho tloha sixties ea tse lekholo tse fetileng ka boyei ya metsu "fatše-fatše" 'me "fatše-to-moea" matla kgolo likepe e name ho qala ho haha destroyers le metsu tataisoang (Russian khutsufatso - URO, English - DDG). E ne e le likepe tsa Soviet Union tsa morero 61, English - tse kang "County" American - ". Charles F. Adams" mofuta
Ho ea qetellong ea ea XX lekholong la lilemo la meeli thothofatsang pakeng destroyers hantle, frigates hlometseng le cruisers.
Soviet Union ka 1981 ba ile ba qala ho haha destroyers ea morero 956 (mofuta "Buzzard" kapa "ea kajeno"). Tsena ke feela Union likepe ba neng ba qalong classified e le destroyers. Ba ne ba reretsoe ho sebetsana le mabotho a holim 'me tšehetso ea lulisa,' me ka nako eo bakeng sa-ba khahlanong le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie le-ba khahlanong le lifofane itšireletsa.
956 bakeng sa morero ona 'me a haha motimetsi "phehella", ho flagship jwale ya Baltic Fleet. Ho ile a qala ka January 1991.
Motimetsi tsoibilang ba hlometseng-ba khahlanong le sekepe Bay metsu "monoang" (tse peli quad), khahlanong le lifofane lerumo rarahaneng "khoba matšoafo" (diyuniti 2), sextuple likanono RBU-1000 (2 diyuniti), le sethunya tse pedi di behuwe ka bobedi Mounts 130 limilimithara, sextuple AK-630 (4 tlhomamiso), tse peli mafahla torpedo methapo caliber tse 533 limilimithara. Ka boto sekepe se ke Ka-27.
Ba ntse ba haha le morao-rao e ne e le destroyers ea Indian Navy ho fihlela morao tjena. Likepe joaloka "Delhi" ba hlometseng ka metsu-ba khahlanong le sekepe le mefuta e fapaneng ya lethopa 130 dikhilomitha, Sam "khoba matšoafo" (Russia) le livideo Barake (Iseraele) mererong ya tshireletso ya, e Russia-ba khahlanong le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie Lata bombometnye tlhomamiso RBU-6000 ASW le torpedo hlano tataisa torpedoes caliber tse 533 limilimithara. Helipad e etselitsoeng liroala-nkhoana tse peli Sea King. Ho lebeletsoe haufinyane ho nka sebaka likepe tsena destroyers tsa "Kolkata".
Kajeno motimetsi DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy le khaolelitse sa palema.
Destroyers lilemong tsa bo-XXI
le fleets kgolo All boletsoeng ka mekhoa kakaretso oa kaho ea destroyers ncha. Ea ka sehloohong ke ho sebelisoa ha taelo ea le taolo tsamaiso ea tšoanang ho US "Aegis» (AEGIS), e leng e reretsoe ho timetsa ha feela lifofane, empa hape metsu "sekepe-to-sekepe" le "moea-to-sekepe."
Ha ho bōpa likepe tse ncha e lokela ho sebediswa Stealth thekenoloji: sebelisa mahlaseli-monya lintho tse bonahalang, e khethehileng etselitsoeng thutatekanyo sebopeho, leha ho le joalo, ho etsa mohlala, o fapaneng wa motimetsi USS Zumwalt.
The destroyers ntjha ho eketsehileng le lebelo ho, ka tsela eo eketsa habitability le seaworthiness.
Ka likepe ea kajeno boemo bo phahameng ba seba, empa e lokela ho eketseha, 'me, ka lebaka leo, ho hlokahala hore le hōle kabelo ea diyuniti thusang matla.
Ho hlakile hore kaofela ha dithulaganyo tsena lebisa ho phahama ha theko ea ho haha likepe le kateng, ho ba teng ntlafalo ya boleng ba bokgoni bona e lokela ho ba ka lebaka la ho fokotsa basebetsi.
The destroyers ea lekholo la ntjha lokela feta ka boholo le ka displacement tsohle fumaneha ho letsatsi likepe tsa mofuta ona. The motimetsi ntjha DDG-1000 Zumwalt nkoa e le rekoto displacement, ke 14 likete tse boima ba lithane tse.. Le likepe tsa mofuta ona li rerile ho kena 'Navy US ka bo-2016, pele ba bona ba ba se a ntse a qala ho thulana le liteko tse leoatle.
Ke tsela eo, Russia destroyers Project 23560, eo, e le a tšepisa, e tla hahuoa ka 2020, e tla ba le displacement tse 18 tse sekete. Tonnes.
Russia e thaothelang sesole a motimetsi ntjha
Ho ea ka ka mo porojekeng 23560, tseo, ho ea ka litlaleho tse mecha ea phatlalatso, ka ho ba sethaleng sa moralo tlhaloganyong, e rerile ho haha likepe tse 12. Motimetsi "moeta-pele oa" bolelele ba limithara tse 200 le bophara ba 23 ba lokela ho ba se nang moeli matha ka mefuta e fapaneng, ka tsamaya le ikemetseng ho ba matsatsi a 90 ho finyella palo e kahodimodimo ho tsamaea lebelo la 32 mafito. E ba inkela moralo khale oa sekepe ho sebelisa Stealth theknoloji.
Tsepisa motimetsi oa "Moeta-pele" (holim'a likepe tsa libaka le oceanic) e tla hahuoa, ba bangata ka etsahala hore ebe ka matla a nyutlelie semela, 'me e na le ho tswela pele ka 60 kapa 70 metsu Bay makalana patiloe. E lokela ho pata merafong le holim'a metsi-to-moea lerumo, e leng lokela ho ba 128 feela, ho akarelletsa le Sam "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine armament lokela bopilwe 16-24-tanka metsu tataisoang (Plourac'h). Destroyers fumana ea bokahohleng e caliber libetsa tsamaiso ea 130 limilimithara A-192 "Armat" le embarkation sethaleng bakeng sa liroala-nkhoana tse peli multipurpose.
ya data tsohle ba ntse ba tlelella le ka fetola nakong e tlang.
bahlanka Navy lumela hore "Moeta-pele" mofuta Destroyers ke selotlolo morero oa koloi, ba sebeletsa e le destroyers sebele, likepe-ba khahlanong le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie, 'me mohlomong lerumo cruisers "Orlan".
Motimetsi "Zamvolt"
Mofuta destroyers Zumwalt - e elements senotlolo ea lenaneo Navy oa US ba likepe tsa ntoa holim 'a lekholong la XXI (holim'a Combatant SC-21).
Russia motimetsi oa "Moeta-pele" - potso ena e ka 'na,' me ha hōle, empa nakong e tlang.
'Me bona! Ke ea pele mofuta o mocha oa motimetsi DDG-1000 Zumwalt se qala,' me qalong ea December 2015 o ile a qala liteko hlahisoeng ha eona. Sebopeho ikhethang tsa motimetsi bitsoa tletse, vela le superstructure lona hoo e ka bang tse tharo di emetse disentimitara ka botenya a tlotsitsoeng ka thepa e 'me le monya (1 intshi), palo ea e hlaheletseng ho manakana e fokotsehile ho bonyane ka.
Destroyers mofuta "Zamvolt" bolelele ba 183 limithara, e displacement ea ho fihlela ho 15 tse sekete. T le matla a ho kopantswe matla ka sehloohong dimela 106 tse sekete. L. e. ka fihla lebelo la 30 mafito. Ba na le bokhoni e matla radar le khona ho lemoha ka sebaka se selelele ha se feela tlase fofang metsu, empa hape likepe tsa likhukhuni.
Arming destroyers entsoe ka 20 tsoibilang paatsepama MK 57 VLS, e balwa 80 rockets "Tomahawk», ASROC kapa ESSM, tse peli ka potlako-sehlohlolong MK 110 sethunya ka caliber la 57 limilimithara gated, tse peli tse 155-limilimithara AGS lithunya le mefuta e fapaneng ya 370 dikhilomitha, tse peli tubular 324-limilimithara torpedo methapo.
likepe tse le ka ho thehoa 2 Sh-60 helikopthara Sea Hawk kapa 3 UAVs MQ-8 Fire ea hlahloba.
"Zamvolt" - destroyers mofuta, eo mosebetsi o ka sehloohong ke ho timetsa lebōpong mehaho ea sera. Hape, mofuta ona wa likepe ka tsela e atlehang ho sebetsana le holim, ka tlas'a metsi le moea liphofu 'me sera libetsa mabotho a mollo tšehetso.
"Zamvolt" ke mothofatso oa theknoloji ea morao-rao, ke tsa morao-rao ho letsatsi qala motimetsi. Projects India le Russia e-s'o kenngwa tshebetsong, le ea mofuta ona e sekepe, ho bonahala, a e-s'o matha 'nete hore lona.
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