Characterization le Classification ea ente

Ente (tlhaloso, tlhophiso e tšohliloeng sehloohong sena) ke mahlahana immunological sebelisoa e le motho ea mafolofolo entoa (ho seng joalo - ho theha ba mafolofolo maloetseng manganga phelang ho pathogen itseng). WHO etsa qeto ea ente - mokhoa molemo ka ho fetisisa ea ho thibela pathologies tšoaetsanoang. Ka lebaka la bokgoni lona phahameng, tsela e bonolo ea mokhoa, monyetla oa ho fana ka kgaso ka bophara tsa baahi ba moo ho enteloa ho thibela le boima ba pathologies, immunoprophylaxis linaheng tse ngata classified e le ea bohlokoa 'muso.

ente

Ente - e khethehileng e thibelang e ka mehato ya ho sireletsa ngwana kapa batho ba baholo ho tloha pathologies itseng ka ho feletseng kapa fokotsa ponahalo ea bona ka ketsahalo eo.

A phello e tšoanang e finyelloa ka "koetliso" boitshireletso ba mmele. Ha laolwa lithethefatsi phelang (kapa ho ena tsamaiso ea hae sa 'mele) ho loantša tšoaetso le artificially hlahiswa "hopola" tsa lona. Ha botjha tshwaetso maloetseng e butswe haholo ka potlako ho feta le ka ho feletseng timetsa mahlahana a tsoang linaheng tse ling.

Lenane la mesebetsi ea ente e kenyeletsa:

• kgetho ya batho ba lokela ho enteloa;
• khetha lithethefatsi;
• itseng ho laoleng oa potoloho ea ente e ka;
• laola bokgoni;
• phekolo (haeba ho hlokahala) mathata ka etsahala hore ebe le liphetoho pathological.

Mekhoa ente

• Intradermal. mohlala e ke BCG. Selelekeleng sa ente phele ho hlahiswa ka lehetleng (ntle karolo ea boraro ea e). A mokhoa tšoanang le boetse le sebelisoa ho thibela tularemia, seoa, brucellosis, koatsi, Q feberu.
• Molomo. Sebediswa ho thibela pholio le rabies. Ka mekhahlelo ea ntshetsopele ya mahlahana molomo khahlanong ntaramane, maselese, feberu feberu ea mala, meningococcal tshwaetso.
• Subcutaneous. Ka mokhoa ona, moriana e sa adsorbed e hlahiswa ka e ka ba undercut mahetla (ka ntle holim 'pakeng tsa bohareng le borarong holimo ka mahetla) sebakeng. Menyetla: tlaase allergenicity, boiketlo tsa tsamaiso, le durability ba sireletsehile maloetseng ana (bobeli moo le akaretsang).
• Aerosol. E sebelisoa e le entoa tšohanyetso. Na haholo e atlehang aerosol-ba khahlanong le brucellosis, ntaramane, tularemia, metso o mosoeu, koatsi seso, whooping khohlela, lefu la seoa le bitsoang rubella, khase seso se kekang, lefuba ha mesifa ea mehlahare, typhus, feberu ea mala, botulism, letšollo, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Hatisa ka mesifa serope (karolong e ka holimo ea perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps serope mesifa). Ka mohlala, DTP.

ente morao-rao tsa tlhophiso

Ho na le likarohano tse 'maloa tsa ente e.

1. tlhophiso The bolela ho latela moloko:

• 1 isa molokong o mong (corpuscular ente). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, arotsoe ka attenuated (fokola phelang,) le inactivated (bolaoa) bolela;
• molokong o mong ka 2nd: yuniti e nyane (lik'hemik'hale) le exotoxins detoxified (toxoids);
• 3 e bontša hore molokong o mong ka recombinant ente khahlanong le lefu la sebete B recombinant ente le rabies;
• Molokong o mong 4 (se kenyelelitsoe mokhoa ona), e emeloang ke plasmid DNA, peptides maiketsetso, ente e dimela, ente e le hore e na le lihlahisoa MHC le phekolo idiotypic.

2. Classification ea ente e (maekoroboiloji le arola ba kenya litlelase tse 'maloa) hlahang ho yona. Ke hlahang ho yona ente ba arotsoe ka:

• ea phelang, ea entseng ea ho phela, empa attenuated dikokwanyana;
• bolaoa bōptjoa ka lebaka la microorganisms inactivated ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng;
• ente hlahang ho yona lik'hemik'hale (ka e le setsi sa antigens haholo hloekisitsoeng);
• ente e bōpiloe ka thuso ea mekhoa biotechnological, le eena, ba aroloa ka:

- maiketsetso ente e thehiloeng oligosaccharides le oligopeptides;

- DNA ente;

- liphatsa tsa lefutso bo-enjineri ente bōptjoa ka lebaka la lihlahisoa sephetho ho tswa tswakana ea litsamaiso recombinant.

3. Ho latela litho tsa Ar lithethefatsi, ente e ho na le ke tlhophiso latelang (i.e., ka Ar ka ente e ka 'na ea ho ba teng):

• kaofela lisele tse likokoana-hloko tse (inactivated kapa phela);
• dikarolo motho ea lisele tse sa bonahaleng tse (ho fetisisa e sireletsang Ar);
• likokoana-hloko tse chefo;
• ke maiketsetso Ag likokoana-hloko;
• Ar hore fumanoa ka dithekeniki liphatsa tsa lefutso boenjiniere.

Ho itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba ho ntshetsa pele maloetseng ho 'maloa kapa mong moemeli:

• monovalent;
• pholio.

Classification ea ente e ka ho latelwa le sete ya Ar:

• karolo;
• corpuscular.

ente u phele

Bakeng sa tlhahisong ea ente e joalo sebelisa attenuated mefuta ya mahlahana a tšoaetsanoang. ente jwalo na thepa immunogenic, empa ketsahalo e sa matšoao a lefu le nakong entoa hangata ha bakela.

Ka lebaka la ho kenella ka hare tsa ente e phela ka eona 'meleng le thehoa manganga seleng, ka secretory, maloetseng humoral.

Melemo le go tlhoka mesola

Melemo ea ente e phelang (tlhophiso, kopo tšohliloeng sehloohong sena):

• A litekanyetso li behoa bonyane;
• ka monyetla oa ho litsela tse sa tšoaneng tsa ente;
• ka potlako runningaway maloetseng;
• phahameng bokgoni;
• theko e tlase;
• le immunogenicity tsa tlhaho ho fetisisa;
• entsoe ka ha o bolokang;
• tlas'a tšusumetso ea ente e joalo ebe o kenya tshebetsong tsohle mefuta ya sireletsehile maloetseng ana.

Mpe lehlakoreng:

• tabeng ea tsamaiso fokola boitshireletso ka mamello ha tsamaisoa u phele ente ka ntshetsa pele le lefu lena;
• le ente e ea mofuta ona nahanela haholo ho mocheso, kahoo ho qaloa ho "silafalitsoeng" ente phele ho hlahisa liphetoho tse bohloko kapa ente ea lahleheloang thepa lona;
• hloleha ho kopana ente tsena ka litokisetso tse ling ente, ka lebaka la liketsahalo tse bohloko kapa ho lahleheloa ke ho phekola bohlokwa ba tsamaiso.

Classification ea ente e phela ka eona

Latelang mefuta ente u phele:

• Attenuated (fokolisitsoeng) ente litokisetso. Di hlahiswa ho tloha mefuta hore ba fokotsehile pathogenicity, empa phatlalatsa immunogenicity. Ha laolwa ho ente mathata 'meleng develops tshwaetso tšoana: mahlahana infective ikatisa, ka tsela eo ho etsa hore sebopeho sa likarabo tsa' mele. Har'a molemo ka ho fetisisa e tsejoang ea litokisetso joalo ente bakeng sa thibelo ea feberu feberu ea mala, liso, koatsi, Q feberu le brucellosis. Leha ho le joalo tse ngata tsa ente e phela ka eona - lithethefatsi antiviral tloha tsoaetsanang ea adenoviral, yellow fever mumps, Sabin ente (pholio), rubella, maselese, ntaramane;
• Ente ke divergent. Ba li etsoa ka lebaka la mefuta e amanang le tsa pathologies tšoaetsanoang. antigens tsena qholotsa e-ba le karabelo boitshireletso hore tšela directional pathogen antigens. Mehlala ea ente e joalo ke ente prophylaxis khahlanong sekholopane mosa e entsoeng ka lebaka la ho sekholopane kokoana-hloko vaccinia le BCG, motheong oa mycobacteria tse bakang tlhako lefuba.

ente ntaramane

Ho thibela atlehang ka ho fetisisa ea ente ntaramane sebediswa. Ba likokoana-hloko lithethefatsi tse fanang ka ponahalo ea ho hanyetsa nako e khutsoanyane ho likokoana-hloko ntaramane.

Bontšang bakeng sa ente joalo ke tsena:

• lilemo tse 60 le ho feta;
• foleng bronchopulmonary kapa lefu la pelo;
• bokhachane (2-3 trimesters);
• basebetsi, litleliniki le lipetlele;
• batho ba ka ho sa feleng lulang collectives koetsoeng (lichankaneng, dormitories, mahaeng a maqheku, 'me joalo-joalo);
• bakuli ba ka ema kapa ambulatory kalafo hore na gemoglabinopatii, hatelloang boitshireletso, lefu sebete, a liphio le maloetse a tshilong ya dijo.

mefuta e

ente Classification ntaramane kenyeletsa lihlopha tse latelang:

1. Live ente;
2. Inactivated ente:

• kaofela kokoana-hloko ente. Ba akarelletsa ho Krrish haholo hloekisitsoeng inactivated virions;
• rascheplennye (petsoha ente). Mohlala: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". E thehiloe virions sitisa ntaramane (liprotheine kaofela ha kokoana-hloko);

• ente yuniti e nyane ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") ba entsoe ka tse peli tse liprotheine bongata ba kokwanahloko holim, haemagglutinin le neuraminidase netefatsa induction ea ka karabelo e boitshireletso ka ntaramane. liprotheine tse ling tsa virion, 'me chick embryo ke le sieo kaha felisoa nakong tlhoekiso.