Bone monna. Human anatomy: lesapo batho. Batho masapo le lebitso la lesapo la

Seo ke ho hlophisoa ha lesapo batho o na le lebitso bona likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tsa masapo le lesedi le leng u tla ithuta ho tloha thepa e fanoang ke sehlooho se reng. Ho phaella moo, re tla u bolella mabapi le kamoo li ya kokangana le seo mosebetsi o etsoa.

lesedi kakaretso

Hlahisa lekala la 'mele oa motho e entsoe ka lisele tse' maloa. Bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa tsona ke masapo. Ho joalo, a re hlahlobeng hammoho le ho hlophisoa ha masapo a batho le thepa ea bona ea nama.

Bone dinama tse nyenyane tse e entsoe ka lik'hemik'hale tse peli tsa motheo: Organic (ossein) - ka 1/3 le inorganic (khalsiamo, phosphate kalaka) - 2/3. Ha joalo 'mele ho pepesa acid e tharollo (mohlala, nitric, hydrochloric, joalo-joalo)., The letsoai kalaka qhala ka potlako,' me a lule ossein. O tla a boloke sebopeho sa lesapo la. Leha ho le joalo, e tla ba ho feta tenyetseha le bonolo.

Ha lesapo chesa hantle, le dintho manyolo chesa le fapana inorganic, sala. Ba tla boloka sebopeho tsa masapo le thatafala lona. Leha lesapo ena batho (photo photo photo photo fanoa ka sehlooho sena) e tla senyeha habonolo haholo. Bo-rasaense ba 'nile ba bontša hore le elasticity ea' mele bo itšetlehile ka ossein leng ho eona, 'me ho thatafala le elasticity - ho tloha letsoai matsoai.

Features ya masapo a batho

Ha e kopana le ea thepa manyolo le inorganic ya bone bone batho ha e sa tloaelehang e matla le ea itoanela. Sena ke haholo le bo kholisang le liphetoho lilemo tse amanang. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, le bana ba banyenyane ossein tse ling tse ngata ho feta batho ba baholo. Tabeng ena, masapo a bona a ile a ipabola ka ho khetheha tenyetsehang 'me ka hona ka seoelo haholo heletsa. Ha e le batho ba baholo, ba na le karo-karolelano ea dintho inorganic le manyolo fapana mabapi le tsa pele. Ke ka lebaka leo monna eo ea seng a hōlile ea lesapo fetoha feta brittle le tlase rekere. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le ke e ngata ea fractures khale esita le ntsa kotsi hanyenyane.

Human anatomy ba masapo a batho

Mehaho unit trust 'mele, e leng e bonahalang ka tlaase magnification ya microscope kapa ho tlotlisoa khalase, ke osteon. Ea mofuta ona e lipoleiti oona tsamaisong masatsoana teng concentrically pota le kanaleng bohareng leo ka lona methapo le methapo ea mali.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore osteons ha haufi le e mong le e tse ling tse haufi-ufi. ho na le likheo pakeng tsa bona, tse tletseng lesapo interstitial lamellae. Tabeng ena, osteons ha ba behoa ka lootho. Ba ka botlalo dumellana le mojaro tshebetso. Ho joalo, ka masapo telele osteons e tšoanang dlinniku lesapo cancellous - perpendicular ho ea tselaneng ea paatsepama. Le sebakeng se bataletseng sa (mohlala, lehata) - tse radial kapa e tšoanang le ka holimo a eona.

Eo le dikarolo di masapo a batho?

Osteons hammoho lipoleiti interstitial theha ka sehloohong bohareng lera la masapo. Ka hare ho ka ho feletseng koahetsoeng ka e lera le ka hare la lipoleiti lesapo, le ka ntle ho - ka ntle. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore kaofela lera ho qetela e phunyelletsa ka methapo ea mali, e leng mathela ho tloha periosteum le ka metjha e khethehileng. Tshohanyetso, wa osteons akarelletsa le kholoanyane metsoako ea masapo le tse bonahalang ho ka mahlo ka radiograph kapa sehiloe.

Ho joalo, a re ke re sheba thepa meleng le dikarolo lesapo:

• Pele lera - lesapo matla.
• Ea bobeli - the coupling, e koahela bokantle ba lesapo la.
• Boraro lera - ke hlephileng connective dinama tse nyenyane tse e sebeletsang e le mofuta oa "liaparo tsa" bakeng sa methapo ea mali tse loketseng bakeng sa lesapo la.
• Bone - e le lefufuru koahetse lipheletsong tsa masapo. Sena ke moo tsena mele eketsa kgolo ya bona.
• Lera bohlano e entsoe ka dipheletso methapo ea kutlo. Tabeng ea ho hlōleha ha elements ena ke fepa pele pontšo receptors boko.

lesapo batho, kapa ho ena kaofela sebaka lona ka hare le tletse lesapo moko (khubelu le bosehla). Khubelu e amana ka ho toba lesapong sebopeho le hematopoiesis. E le e tseba hantle, ho ka ho feletseng o ne o salla le methapo ea mali le methapo hore fepa ha eena ka boeena a feela, empa le dikarolo tsohle ka hare tsa 'mele li emetseng. Yellow lesapo moko kgothaletsa kgolo ya masapo le e matlafatsang lona.

ke dibopeho la masapo a eng?

Ha ba ntse ba ka ba, ho itšetlehile ka sebaka se le mosebetsi:

• Long kapa tubular. likarolo tsena na cylindrical bohareng kabelo le cavity e ka hare le ka ba babeli ba lipheletsong ngata tse koahetsoeng ka e tenya lefufuru (mohlala, batho leoto lesapo).
• Ka bophara. Ho pectoral le pelvic le lehata masapo.
• Khutšoanyane. likarolo tsena fapana tsoeng, selotlolo faceted le lekaneng ho liforomo (mohlala, masapo wrist, vertebrae, 'me joalo-joalo.).

Kamoo e amanang?

Batho masapo (tse bitsoang lesapo re ile ra fumana mona ka tlase) e emela ka plurality tsa lithollo motho, tse amanang le mong le e tse ling. Kapa hore taelo ea lintho tse ya data e itšetlehile ka mesebetsi ea bona ka ho toba. Khetholla mabapi discontinuous le e tsoelang pele ea masapo a batho. A re ke re tšohleng lipotso tseo ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Tsoelang pele komponeng. Tsena li akarelletsa:

• Fibroids. Masapo a 'mele oa motho li ya kokangana ka teteaneng connective dinama tse nyenyane tse lera.
• Bone (ke hore, lesapo ne a folisa ka ho feletseng).
• Lefufuru (intervertebral discs).

Discontinuous komponeng. Tsena li akarelletsa mokelikeling, ke hore, pakeng tsa likarolo tse sa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo ke glenoid cavity. masapo li tšoaroa ka ho ba le komiki koetsoeng le ligaments tshehetsang le mesifa dinama tse nyenyane tse.

Thanks ho tsena likarolo letsohong, masapo a maoto le matsoho e ka tlaase 'me kutu ka kakaretso khona ho hlahisa' mele oa motho ka ho tshisinyo. Leha ho le joalo, locomotor mosebetsi oa batho e itšetlehile eseng feela ka metsoako ea hona joale, empa hape ka dipheletso methapo ea kutlo le masapo moko di leng ka cavity ya data.

mosebetsi ya marapo

Ntle ho mesebetsi e phetha molao eo tšehetsa 'mele oa motho sebopeho, masapo nolofalletsa mokhatlo oa le ho sireletsa litho tse ka hare. Ho phaella moo, tsamaiso lesapo emela ntlha ya hemopoiesis. Kahoo, ka moko oa lesapo, lisele tse ncha mali a thehoa.

Ho phaella moo, masapo ke mofuta oa polokelo ea boholo ba 'mele oa khalsiamo le phosphorus. Ke ka lebaka leo e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka metabolism oa liminerale.

Batho masapo le lebitso la lesapo la

Batho ba baholo masapo entsoe ka likarolo tse ka bang tse fetang 200. Ho phaella moo, karolo ka 'ngoe (hlooho, matsoho, maoto le joalo-joalo.) Akarelletsa mefuta e meng ea masapo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ba bona litšobotsi tse lebitso le 'meleng fapana haholo.

masapo hlooho

Lehata batho e na le likarolo tse 29. Ho phaella moo, e mong le e hlooho lefapha e kenyeletsa masapo feela tse itseng:

1. Nahana lefapha, eo na le thepa ea motheo robeli:

• le tse tobileng lesapo;
• chesele;
• parietal (2 likhomphutha.);
• occipital;
• ya ntango (2 likhomphutha.);
• latticework.

2. Sefahleho lefapha e na le masapo a leshome le metso e mehlano:

• Palatine lesapo (2 likhomphutha.);
• opener opener;
• zygomatic lesapo (2 likhomphutha.);
• e mohlahare e ka holimo (2 likhomphutha.);
• nasal lesapo (2 likhomphutha.);
• le mohlahare tlaase;
• lacrimal lesapo (2 likhomphutha.);
• tlaase turbinate (2 likhomphutha.);
• hyoid masapo.

3. The masapo a tsebe bohareng:

• hamore (2 likhomphutha.);
• e tšetlo (2 likhomphutha.);
• stirrup (2 likhomphutha.).

kutu

masapo a batho, bao mabitso a hoo e ka bang kamehla tsamaisana sebakeng bona kapa ponahalo, ke litho tsa ka hare habonolo ho fetisisa o ile a ithuta. Kahoo, fractures tse fapa-fapaneng kapa pathologies tse ling li senola ho hloka leeme ka potlako ka thuso ea mokhoa oa ho hlahloba lefu ka X-ray. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore e mong oa masapo kholo ka ho fetisisa batho ba masapo a 'mele. Sena se akarelletsa kaofela vertebral lenaneng la, e leng e na le 32-34 arole ba vertebrae. Ho itšetlehile ka mesebetsi le sebakeng se arolelanang:

• thoracic vertebrae (12 likhomphutha.);
• molaleng (7 likhomphutha.), ho akarelletsa le epistrophe le Atlanta;
• lumbar (5 likhomphutha.).

Ho phaella moo, a le 'mele masapo amana sacrum, coccyx, ho morpheme, ea likhopo (12 × 2) le breastbone.

likarolo tsena kaofela masapo a etselitsoeng ho sireletsa litho tse ka hare ho tloha khoneha litšusumetso Link (matetetso, mapheong, punctures joalo-joalo.). Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore tabeng ea fractures hlobaetsang ea lipheletsong tsa masapo a ka habonolo senya lisele bonolo ea 'mele, ea isang ho le mali le matla ka hare, e leng ba atisa ho isa lefung. Ho feta moo, 'mele joalo bakeng sa logan hloka nako e telele haholo ho feta tseo ba sebakeng sa maoto le matsoho ka tlaase kapa ka holimo.

maoto le matsoho ka holimo

Masapo a letsoho la motho e kenyeletsa palo e khōlō ea likarolo tse nyenyane. Ka lebaka la leoto joalo e ka holimo masapo batho ba khona ho etsa lintho tse, sebelisa bona, 'me joalo-joalo. E le mokokotlo, matsoho a batho ba boetse ba arotsoe ka likarolo tse 'maloa:

1. ka holimo leoto senyepa na le di-blades (2 likhomphutha.) le clavicle (2 likhomphutha.).
2. E sa lefelloeng karolo e itseng ea leoto e ka holimo o na le likarolo tse latelang:

• Ka mahetla - humerus (2 likotoana).
• Forearm - the ulna (2 likotoana) le radial lesapo (2 likotoana).
• Borashe, e kenyeletsang:
  - e wrist (8 × 2) e entsoeng ka boatshaped, lunate, likhutlo li tharo le pisiform lesapo le trapezoid lesapo, lesapo trapezoid, capitate, le hamate;
  - metacarpus bopilweng tsa metacarpal lesapo (5 × 2);
  - masapo ea menoana ea (14 × 2), e bopilweng ka phalanges tharo (proximal, bohareng le distal) ka e mong le e monoana (ntle le monwana wa, e leng o na le phalanges tse peli).

masapo 'ohle a batho a hlahisa, e ke ho le thata ho hopola lebitso leo, lumella ho ntshetsa pele bokgoni ba dilenaneo le letsoho ho etsa motsamao e bonolo tse bohlokoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore boemo ba leholimo constituent ea maoto le matsoho e ka holimo ba ea behoa tlas'a fracture kapa kotsi tse ling khafetsa. Leha ho le joalo, masapo ana a fused ka potlako ho feta ba bang.

lipheletsong tlaase

Batho leoto masapo hape akarelletsa palo e kholo ea likarolo tse nyenyane. Ha ba ntse ba ba arotsoe ka likarolo tse latelang ho itšetlehile ka sebaka se le mosebetsi:

• Lebanta la leoto tlaase. Tsena li akarelletsa pelvic lesapo, eo na le e ilium, ischium le pubis.
• E leng karolo e sa lefelloeng ea pheletsong e ka tlaase, e bopilweng ka letheka le (femur - 2 likotoana; kneecap - 2 likotoana).
• Shin. Ho na le tibia (2 likotoana) le fibula (2 likotoana).
• Emisa.
• Tarsase (7 × 2). Ho na le tse peli tsa lesapo ka 'ngoe: serethe, talus, navicular, medial chesele, chesele e bōpehileng joaloka lipakeng, lateral chesele e bōpehileng joaloka, epoka kamienna.
• Metatarsus entsoeng ka masapo a metatarsal (5 × 2).
• Bone Pins (14 × 2). Ba: leqheka bohareng (4 × 2) le leqheka proximal (5 × 2) le leqheka distal (5 × 2).

The lefu atileng ka ho fetisisa ke lesapo

Litsebi li telele ho thehiloe hore ke osteoporosis. E kheloha ho hangata e etsa hore fractures ea tšohanyetso 'me bohloko. Lebitso e seng semmuso ya lefu lena le hlahisa utloahala joaloka "lesholu khutsitseng". Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore lefu lena le tsoela hlokomeleha le lieha haholo. From masapo butle-butle leaches k'halsiamo, leng isang ea fokotseha ka segokanyipalo bona. Tshohanyetso, osteoporosis ke ho feta tloaelehileng lilemo ba hōlileng kapa ba bohareng.

botsofali masapo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, tsamaisong khale batho ya marapo e ntse liphetoho tse khōlō. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, le bone bone le tahlehelo ea qala ho fokotseha ha palo ea lipoleiti lesapo (leng isang ntshetsopele ya osteoporosis), 'me ka ba bang - e sa hlokeheng sebopeho bonahatsa ka maqhutsu foromo lesapo (kapa ho thoeng osteophyte). Hape, ho na le calcification tsa articular ligaments, tendons le lefufuru le makhatheng a ho ikamahanya lihloliloeng tsena.

Botsofali osteoarticular sethusathuto ka hore na se feela matšoao a lefu, empa ka lebaka la mokhoa ona ho hlahloba lefu, ka X-ray.

Ke liphetoho life etsahala ka lebaka la felloa ke matla ha ntho lesapo? maemo ana pathological kenyeletsa:

• Deformation kopanetsoeng lihlooho tsa (kapa ho thoeng nyamele lekaneng ho bona, metshetshe le stitching ponahalo ea dikhutloteng ngollana).
• Osteoporosis. Ka ho hlahloba ka X-ray batho mamello lesapo bonahala bonaletsang tse fetang ka bophelo bo botle.

E lokela ho ile a hlokomela hore hangata bakuli ba bontša liphetoho tse ka manonyello lesapo e loketseng ho mobung ka tsela e feteletseng kalaka ka lefufuru haufi le lisele connective. Ka tloaelo ho, bopengwi tsena di tsamaya ka:

• X-ray narrowing tsa lefarung kopanetsoeng. Hlahellang ka lebaka la ho calcification la lefufuru articular.
• Diaphyseal imolohe. Jwalo boemo pathological e tsamaea le calcification tsa tendons ea ka sebaka sa lesapo sephuthelwana.
• Bone susumelletsa kapa osteophyte. Lefu lena le e thehoa ka lebaka la ho calcification tsa ligaments a le makhatheng a ikamahanya ho lesapo la. E lokela ho hatisa taba ea hore liphetoho tse joalo li lemoha ka ho khetheha hantle ka letsoho le lesapo la mokokotlo. Likarolong tse ling tsa masapo le e ka amahanngoa 3 ka sehloohong radiologic lipontšo tsa botsofali. Tsena li akarelletsa osteoporosis, narrowing ea mapetsong kopanetsoeng le ho matlafatsa tlisang liphallelo masapo.

Batho ba bang ba seng ba hōlile le matšoao a ka 'na la hlaha mathoasong a lekholo (pota 30-45 lilemo tse), ha ba bang ba - hamorao (ka lilemo tse 65-70), kapa le sieo ka ho feletseng. liphetoho tsena tsohle li utloahalang haholo liponahatso tsa mosebetsi ho tloaelehile ka lilemo tse hōlileng tsa tsamaiso ya marapo.

ho thahasellisang

• batho ba seng bakae tseba, empa lesapo hyoid ke lesapo feela 'mele oa motho, le nang le letho ho etsa le tse ling. Topographically e sebakeng molaleng. Ka tloaelo, ha ho le jwalo, ho bua ka sebaka se sefahleho sa lehata e. Kahoo, sublingual masapo setho sebedisa mosifa dinama tse nyenyane tse e sa emisitswe ho tloha masapo le e amanang le larynx ena.
• The nako e telele le ka matla masapo lesapo ke femur.
• The lesapo nyenyane ka ho fetisisa tsa masapo batho e teng ka tsebe bohareng.