Baltic khopisang 1944 - the mosolotogamaano khopisang tsa masole tsa Soviet Union. Ferdinand rerelang. Ivan Bagramyan

Baltic khopisang - ntoa e sesole, e leng ileng sa etsahala nakong ea hoetla ea 1944 ka Baltic States. Phello ea opereishene, e leng o boetse o bitsoa ka bohloko Borobeli Stalin, e ne e le ho lokolloa ha Lithuania, Latvia le Estonia tloha mabotho a Jeremane. Kajeno re tla sheba historing ea tshebetso ena, batho ba lona amehang, lisosa le liphello.

litšobotsi tse akaretsang

Ho latela baeta-pele ba sesole le ba lipolotiki ba Boraro Reich Baltic States phethile karolo e khethehileng. Laola ho, Majeremane a kgona ho laola karolo e khōlō ea Leoatle la Baltic le ho boloka a buisana le linaheng tse Scandinavian. Ho phaella moo, sebaka se Baltic e bile e khōlō phepelo botlaaseng Jeremane. likhoebo SeEstonia selemo le selemo fa Puso ea Bonazi ka bang 500 tse sekete tsa boima ba lithane lihlahisoa oli. Ho phaella moo, Jeremane e ile ka amohela ho bokae Baltic le leholo la lijo le thepa ea temo e tala. Hape, u se ke ua lebala ha e le hantle hore Majeremane a ne a rera ho fallela ho tloha ea baahi matsoalloa ea linaha tsa Baltic le tlatse ka baahi-'moho le bona. Kahoo, ho lahleheloa ke sebakeng sena bakeng sa Puso ea Bonazi e ile ea e bohloko e tebileng.

Baltic tse khopisang ba qala la 14 September, 1944 'me e ile ea nka ho fihlela November 22 ya selemong seo. sepheo lona e ne e le ho hlōloa tsa masole a Manazi le ho lokolloa ha Lithuania, Latvia le Estonia. Ho phaella ho Majeremane, e Red Army hanyetsa Bathusi ba sebakeng seo. bophahamo ba modumo ka sehloohong (87000) akarelletsa lebothong Selatvia. Ya e le hantle, ho fana ka ho hanyetsa ka ho lekaneng ho mabotho a Union, ba ka se khonang ha ho joalo. E mong batho ba 28 sekete e ne e le karolo ea battalions Selatvia schutzmannschaft.

Ntoa eo e ne e ena le tshebetso e mene e meholo: Riga, Tallinn, 'me Memel Moonsund. Ka palo yohle, ho ne ho lieha ho matsatsi a 71. bophara pele e ka 1000 km le le botebo - ka bang 400 Km. Ka lebaka la sehlopha ntoa ea mabotho "North" o ne a ba hlōla, 'me sa re tse tharo tsa Baltic ka ho feletseng lokolloa ba tlil'o hlaseloa.

prehistory

The khōlō tse khopisang ka naha ea Baltic, e Red Army e ile lokisetsa e mong nakong ea bohlano Stalin a teraekile - tshebetso Belarusian. Lehlabuleng la 1944 masole a Soviet Union ba ne ba khona ho lokolla masimong senotlolo sa libakeng tsa Baltic le ho lokisetsa ka boeona motheo oa khopisang e kgolo. Ke qetellong ea lehlabula, e oele ka palo e khōlō ea meleng e ka itšireletsa tsa Manazi ka Baltic States. Libakeng tse ling tsa masole a Soviet Union Union tsoetse pele 200 Km. Tshebetso phethahatsoa nakong ea lehlabula, tlameletsoe mabotho e khōlō ea Majeremane, e leng etsa hore ho khonehe ho hlōla Belorussian Front qetella a sehlopha oa mabotho "Center" le senya ka ho o ka bochabela Poland. Ba siea e atamela ho Riga, masole a Soviet Union o ne a maemo tsohle bakeng sa tokoloho le atlehileng. ea linaha tsa Baltic.

moralo oa tlhaselo

Phahameng Taelo taelo mabotho a Soviet Union (tse tharo tsa Baltic ka pele Leningrad ka pele le Baltic Fleet) o ile a fuwe mosebetsi wa ho arola le ho roba lebotho la sehlopha "North", kahoo lokolla sebaka Baltic. shebaneng Baltic hlaseloa Majeremane ikutloeleng Riga le Leningrad ka pele o ile a Tallinn. Tlhaselo bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e ne e le tlokotsi e ka taelo ea Riga, e le hore ho tla etsa hore ho ho lokolloa ha Riga - kholo ka ho fetisisa setsi sa liindasteri le ba lipolotiki, lebotho la puisano leoatleng le tsa lefatše tsa Baltic States.

Ho feta moo, Leningrad ka pele le Baltic Fleet laela felisoeng ha sebetsa le sehlopha "Narva". Kaha hlōla Tartu, Leningrad mabotho Front ba ne ba lokela ho ea Tallinn le ho fihlella bulehileng ho lebōpong e ka bochabela ea Leoatle la Baltic. Baltic Front o ile a laeloa ho tšehetsa lehlakoreng likepe e name ho ba mabotho a Leningrad, hammoho le ho thibela ho fihla ha reinforcements Majeremane le sebakeng seo bona.

Mabotho a Baltic Front ne ho qala pele ho bona ka September la 5-7, 'me Leningrad - 15 September. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho le mathata a ho lokisetsa tshebetso mosolotogamaano khopisang, simolohile ne e lokela ho e chechisetsoang morao bakeng sa beke. Nakong ena, masole a Soviet Union a khanna reconnaissance mosebetsi, mohlape lihlomo le lijo, 'me baenjiniere ba sa tsoa qeta ho haha litsela tse rerile.

makhotla a mekga e

Ka palo yohle, ho lahla ba lebotho ba Soviet Union, e sebetsang ka ho buuoa Baltic ne banna ba ka bang limilione tse 1,5, diyuniti ba fetang limilione tse 3 tsa likoloi armored, ka 17 likete lithunya le likanono le lifofane tse fetang limilione tse 2,5. Ntoa eo e ile e-ba teng ke mabotho a 12, ke hore hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng ka bophara shebaneng le tse 'nè tsa Red Army. Ho phaella moo, tse khopisang ile tshehetswa ke lijana Baltic.

Ha e le mabotho a le Jeremane ka e le qalo ea September 1944 sehlopha oa mabotho "North" eteletsoe pele ke Ferdinandom Shornerom, e le oa lik'hamphani tanka ea 3 le ea tshebetso sehlopha "Narva". Ka palo yohle, e ne e le 730 tse likete le masole, ba likete ba likoloi armored 1,2, 7 likete lithunya le likanono le ka bang 400 ka sefofane. Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore le sehlopha sa oa mabotho "North" e ne e le likarohano tse peli Latvians emetseng lithahasello tsa seo ho thoeng ke "Selatvia Legion".

ba lokisetsa ho ea Majeremane

Ke tšimoloho ea tshebetso tsa Baltic, e masole a Jeremane li ne li hoholoa ho tloha lehlakoreng le ka boroa le petelitsoe leoatleng. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho bridgehead Baltic, Manazi a ile ka fana ka masole a Soviet Union lehlakoreng tlhaselo. Kahoo, ho ena le ho tsamaea le linaheng tsa Baltic, Majeremane etsa qeto ea ho tsitsisa shebaneng le moo, emise tšireletso eketsehileng le bitsa bakeng reinforcements.

Bakeng sa Riga tataiso ea sehlopha arabela entsoeng ka tse hlano likarohano tanka. Ho ne ho lumeloa hore Riga fortification sebakeng ke sitoang ho ithiba ho masole a Soviet Union. Ka Narva tataiso tshireletso e ne e boetse e matla haholo - tharo ho itšireletsa hlobolisa ka botebo ba ka bang 30 km SE. Ho sitisa mokgwathupelo Baltic lijana, Majeremane a ile a beha plurality litšitiso Koung le epilwe, ka bobeli e le kanaleng hammoho mabōpo a eona.

Ka August, e bolela Baltic lahletse ka likarohano tse seng kae 'me palo e khōlō ea mekhoa, ho tloha "khutsitseng" dikarolo tsa pele le Jeremane. Ho tsosolosa ntoa bokgoni tsa sehlopha lebotho "North" Majeremane ile ka tlameha ho qeta chelete e khōlō ea matlotlo. Loantša moea "oboroniteley" Baltic ne ho ena le tse phahameng. masole a ba ne ba lauoa haholo 'me re kholisehile hore phetoho e khōlō ea ntoa nakong e tlang e haufi. Ba ne ba emetse reinforcements ka motho masole ba banyenyane le ba ne ba lumela ka menyenyetsi ka libetsa mohlolo.

Riga khopisang

Riga khopisang o ile a qala ka la 14 September le e ile ea fela ka October 22, 1944. Sepheo se ka sehloohong sa tshebetso e ne e ho lokolloa Riga occupants ebe Latvia. From taelo ea masole a limilione tse 1.3 Union li ne li akarelletsa ntoa (likarohano sethunya 119, e 'ngoe Mechine e le tanka likhetla 6, 11 hammoho le tanka basebetsi e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane 3). Ba ile ba hanyetsoa ke 16-go th le 18-go th le 3-1 tsa Army Group "North". Ka katleho ka ho fetisisa ea ntoa ena e ile ea fihla ho 1st Baltic Front tlasa boetapele ba Ivan Bagramyan. From 14 ho 27 September, le Lefubelu Army atlehe tlhaselo eo. Ho Finyella bohlokoa "Sigulda", eo Majeremane matlafala 'me ba ile ba mabotho ho Retreat ho nakong ea tshebetso ya Tallinn, masole a Soviet Union a khaotsa. Mora hloko ba lokisetsa ho October 15, ea Red Army falletse sebakeng ka potlako esale pele. Ka lebaka leo, ka October 22 masole a Soviet Union o neng o Riga 'me boholo ba Latvia.

Tallinn khopisang

Tallinn khopisang ileng sa etsahala ho tloha 17 ho 26 September 1944. Sepheo sa phutuho ena e ne e le ho lokolloa ha Estonia 'me, ka ho khetheha, motse-moholo lona - motse oa Tallinn. Ke lintoa tsa pele tsa Second le Army Borobeli ne mabapi le sehlopha Sejeremane "Narva" bohlokoa tlhamiwe bophahamo. Ho latela se boletsoeng ho pele leano leo, matla a ho 2nd makala Army tse neng li ho tlhaselo sehlopha "Narva" ho tloha ka morao, 'me joale le tla lateloa ke storming ea Tallinn. Bo8 Army ne e le ho hlasela ha mabotho a Jeremane tla kena ikhule.

September 17 2nd makala Army o ile a ea ho phetha mosebetsi oa eona. O ile a khona ho senya ka tšireletso ea sera 18-km-lekhalo haufi le Emajõgi Nōka. Hlokomela ho teba ha mabotho a Soviet Union, "Narva" etsa qeto ea ho Retreat. Letsatsi le hlahlamang Tallinn phatlalatswa boipuso. le matla a oela matsohong a ba ka sekhukhu muso SeEstonia eteletsoe pele ke Otto Tief. Ka bohareng motse tora e holisitsoe lifolakha tse peli - sa SeEstonia le Sejeremane. A tse seng kae matsatsi a souped muso esita le ba lekileng ho mo hanela ho ea atamelang Union le balehang Jeremane mabotho.

Ka September 19, tlhaselo ea qala bo8 Army. Letsatsi le hlahlamang, ho tloha Manazi e ne e le ba lokolotsoeng toropong ea Rakvere, moo masole a sa bo8 Army ikopanya mabotho le lihlopha tsa masole a ka 2nd Army. Ka September 21, ea Red Army lokolloa Tallinn, 'me ka matsatsi a mahlano - kaofela ha Estonia (ntle le bakeng sa ba bang ba e-ea lihlekehlekeng).

Nakong ea tshebetso ya Tallinn Baltic Fleet parachuted e lebōpong SeEstonia le lihlekehlekeng haufi e 'maloa ea diyuniti tsa lona. Thanks ho mabotho a kopanetsoeng ea lebotho la Puso ea Bonazi utloe bohloko ka hlōloa ka Estonia naha ka matsatsi a 10 feela. Tabeng ena, ho feta 30.000 masole a Jeremane a leka, empa ba ile ba sitoa ho senya ka ho Riga. Ba bang ba bona ba ile ba isoa le motšoaruoa 'me ba bang ba timetsoa. Nakong ea tshebetso ya Tallinn, ho ea ka ya data Union, ba ka bang 30 tse sekete masole a Jeremane ba ile ba bolaoa 'me ka 15 likete - ka haptjoa. Ho phaella moo, Majeremane a lahlehetsoe likotoana 175 tsa thepa e boima.

Moonsund tshebetsong

September 27, 1994 masole a Soviet Union a qala e tshebetsong Moonsund, eo mosebetsi e ne e le ho hapa Moondzunskogo sehlopha sa lihlekehleke le tokoloho lona ho tloha bafutuhi. opereishene e ile ea nka ho fihlela November 24 ya selemong seo. The boletsweng sebakeng ke Majeremane emela bo23 Infantry Division, le Battalion 4 tšireletso. From Soviet Union phutuhong ba ne ba ameha ho karolo ea Leningrad le Baltic shebaneng. Karolo e khōlō ea lihlekehlekeng tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke le ba ile ba lokolloa ka potlako. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore Red Army o ile a khetha e neng e sa lebelloa lerotholi-theoha ntlha ya hlasela bona, sera ne ba se na nako ea ho lokisetsa ho itšireletsa. Hang-hang ka mor'a ho lokolloa ha mabotho a sehlekehleke lula ka a mang, ka ho eketsehileng ba ferekane le lihlopha tsa masole a Puso ea Bonazi. Sebaka feela moo Majeremane ba ile ba khona ho emisa ho esale pele tsa masole Union, e ne e le Sõrve Hloahloeng ea sehlekehlekeng sa Saaremaa, ka mochophoro oo Majeremane a ile ra khona ho fana ka bakeng sa libeke tse tšeletseng, tlama fatše Union sethunya botseta.

Ntoa ea Memel

tshebetso ena e ile atlehe 1st Baltic le karolo ea 3rd Belorussian Front ho tloha 5 ho ea ho ea 22 October 1944. Sepheo sa letšolo lena e ne e le ho felisa Army Group "North" ho tloha Bochabela Prussia. Ha ba pele ba Baltic Front se ile sa etsa botle haholo molaoli Ivana Bagramyana Riga sala le atamela, ho e tobane le ho hanyetsa ka lintho tse tebileng le sera. Ka lebaka leo, ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho fetisetsa ho hanyetsa ka Memel tataiso. Haufi le motse oa mabotho Siauliai Baltic Front beileng ka ditlhopha. Tlas'a leano le lecha la taelo ea Soviet Union, e leng mabotho a Red Army ne ho senya sireletsa karolong e ka bophirimela le boroa-bophirimela oa Siauliai le Palanga ho finyella mola-Memel River na naman. The otla ka sehloohong e ile ea na tataiso ea Memel, le potlana - ka Kelme-Tilzit.

Qeto ea sehlopha Union e ile ea e makala ha ka ho feletseng bakeng sa Puso ea Bonazi, e lebeletsoe ho qalella litlhaselo tsa ho latela tataiso eo Riga. Ka letsatsi la pele la ntoa ea masole a Soviet Union a roba ka tshireletso le tebisa ka libakeng tse sa tšoaneng a sa le hole ea km 7 ho ea ho 17. Ka October 6 lebaleng la ntoa a tla masole sohle se neng se lokiselitsoeng esale pele, 'me la 10 October, lebotho la Soviet Union khaola Majeremane ho tloha East Prussia. Ka lebaka leo, pakeng tsa mabotho a Boraro Reich thehiloeng Courland le East Prussia, a theha kotopo ea lebotho la Masoviet le, e leng fihla bophara ea km 50. Ho hlōla hlobolisa ena sera, ya e le hantle, empa ka hlōleha.

Ka October 22 Union Army lokolloa Majeremane hoo e ka bang kaofela leboea lebōpong la nōka ea Neman. Latvia, sera sa ka sutumelletsa ka Courland Hloahloeng le sireletsehile notletsoe. Memel ka ya ka dipholo tsa tshebetso tsa Red Army tsoetse pele ho fihlela ho 150 dikhilomitha, e lokolloa e fetang 26 000 km SE ² 'me ba fetang 30 metsana.

liketsahalo tse ding hape

Ho hlōloa ha Army Group "North", e eteletsoeng pele ke Ferdinand rerelang, e ne e le ntle le boima, le hoja ho akarelletsa le letšehali 33 likarohano. Ka Courland cauldron Boraro Reich e lahlehileng masole a halofo ea milione le balaoli, hammoho le chelete e ngata ea thepa le libetsa. Jeremane sehlopha Courland thibetsoeng le Pinned ho leoatle, lipakeng tsa Liepaja le Tukums. Ho ile ahlotsoeng, e le ho senya ka East Prussia ile ka ba le matla a ha kapa bokhoni ba. Lebella thuso e ne e le kae kapa kae moo. The khopisang Union Europe Central e bile ka potlako haholo. Ho siea karolo ea thepa le thepa e ', khomo khomo Courland ho ba ntsoa sebakeng sena haufi le leoatle, empa Majeremane o ile a hana ho etsa qeto e joalo.

Taelo ea Soviet Union ba ne ba sa a iketsa mosebetsi ka theko efe kapa efe ho felisa khone ho iketsetsa letho Jeremane sehlopha, e leng se a ntse a ne a ke ke ama ho ba sethaleng ho qetela tsa Ntoa ea ntoa. Boraro Baltic Front qhaloa, le pele le la bobeli romeloa ho Kurland ho tlatsa qadile. Ka lebaka la ho qala ho ea mariha le litšobotsi libaka tsa Courland Hloahloeng (ata tsa mekhoabong le meru) ho timetsoa ha lihlopha Bofasista, e neng e akarelletsa le ho sebelisana le Lithuanian, o ne a lieha ka nako e telele. Ho thata boemo bona ka 'nete ea hore mabotho a se seholo sa shebaneng la Baltic (ho akarelletsa le masole General Bagramyan) ile ra isoa meleng e ka sehloohong. Multiple length ka thata lifefo tsa hloahloeng ba bile oa lefeela. Manazi a ne lefu, 'me diyuniti Union ba' nile ba ho hloka thata ea matla. Qetellong, ntoa e ile ea fela ka Courland cauldron feela May 15, 1945.

diphetho

Ka lebaka la ho sebetsa ha ea Baltic, Latvia, Lithuania le Estonia li ne li lokolloa bafutuhi Manazi. masimong a All hapa ho ile ha thehoa matla a Soviet Union. The Wehrmacht lahlehileng botlaaseng mohlodi le mosolotogamaano botlaaseng, eo e teng ho theosa le lilemo tse tharo. Ka likepe Baltic le monyetla oa ho etsa tshebetso ka puisano Jeremane, hammoho le ho koahela mabotho fatše ho tloha Riga le Koung ea Finland. Kaha hlōla ka tshebetso tsa Baltic ka 1944 ho Baltic Sea, Union Army e ne e khona ho hlasela ho tswa flanks tsa lihlopha tsa masole a Puso ea Bonazi, ba ile ba lula East Prussia.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mosebetsi Jeremane baka tšenyo e tebileng la Baltic. Ka lilemo tse tharo le busa, e ne e Manazi felisitse bang 1.4 milione baahi le batšoaruoa ba ntoa. Senyehileng hampe moruo ea sebaka, metseng le metsaneng. Ho ka ho feletseng tsosolosa Baltic ile a tlameha ho etsa mosebetsi o moholo.