ATP sebopeho le mosebetsi likokoana-hloko. mesebetsi ATP

Mong le e mong seleng ea ka 'mele ea rōna li ke li etsahale ba limilione a itšoare skeletal. Di catalyzed ke mefuta e fapaneng ya enzyme, tseo hangata li hloka matla. Moo ke ka seleng ho nka? Potso ena e ka araba ka ho hlahloba sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa ATP - mohloli e khōlō ea matla.

ATP - ea bokahohleng e tsoang mohloling oa matla

ATP emela adenosine, kapa adenosine diphosphate. ntho e 'ngoe ea tse peli mehloli bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea matla le leng le le seleng. Sebopeho le mosebetsi likokoana-hloko tsa ATP tse haufi-ufi amanang. Fetisisa liphetoho skeletal ka nka sebaka feela le ho sebetsa ha limolek'hule tsa ntho, haholo-holo ka metabolism polasetiki. Leha ho le joalo, ATP e ka seoelo ameha ka ho toba ka itšoara joang bakeng sa ketsahalo ea thulaganyou e leha e le efe e hloka matla, e encased ka litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa ATP.

Sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa ntho ea joalo hore mabapi sephetho le pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa phosphate jara ka palo e khōlō ea matla. Kahoo, mekhoa ea puisano e joalo e boetse e bitsoa e phahameng-eneji ee kapa makroenergeticheskimi (macro = ngata palo e kholo). Poleloana e reng eneji, le litlamo ka lekhetlo la pele hlahiswa rasaense F. Lipman, 'me e sisintsweng ho sebelisa ya ho kgetha bona letšoao ̴.

Ho bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa sele ho boloka boemo ba lula ATP. Sena ke haholo-holo bath ea lisele mesifa le likhoele methapo ea kutlo, kahobane ha ba ka ho fetisisa ho hloka botsitso le ho phethisa mesebetsi lona hlokang e dikahare tse phahameng tsa diphosphate adenosine.

Sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tsa ATP

ATP na le likarolo tse tharo: ribose le adenine litlhaka kahare ea acid e phosphoric.

Ribose - k'habohaedreite, eo e bua ka sehlopha se pentose. Sena se bolela hore ho hlophisoa ha liathomo ribose 5 k'habone tse kenyelelitsoe potoloho ena. Ribose e amanang le adenine β-N-glycosidic tlamo e ho ea pele har'a carbon athomo. Hape kopanngoa le litlhaka kahare ho pentose ea acid e phosphoric ka 5th k'habone athomo.

Adenine - e nitrogenous botlaaseng. Ho itšetlehile ka ea mofuta ofe naetrojene mantlha khomaretse ribose, joalokaha GTP thōko (guanosine diphosphate), ttp di (thymidine), CTP (cytidine diphosphate) le UTP (uridine diphosphate). dintho tsena tsohle li tšoanang ka sebopeho ho diphosphate adenosine le ho phetha hoo e ka bang mosebetsi tšoanang, empa ba ile ba ba fumana ka seleng e haholo ka tlaase ho moo ba tloaelehileng.

Litlhaka kahare ea acid e phosphoric. Ho e fumantsa ribose a ka kena litlhaka kahare tse tharo tsa acid e phosphoric. Haeba ba babeli ba bona kapa e 'ngoe feela, ka ho latellana, le ntho e bitswang ADP (diphosphate) le Amp (monophosphate). E etsa qeto pakeng tsa litlhaka kahare phosphorus makroenergeticheskie mabapi, eo e lokolloa holim 'a otlile ea ho tloha 40 ho ea ho 60 KJ matla. Ha litlamo tse peli tse robehileng, e emela 80, bonyane - 120 KJ matla. Ka khefu le puisano e pakeng tsa ribose moiety le phosphorus Ho lokolloa feela 13,8 KJ, kahoo diphosphate tse peli feela molek'hule macroergic mabapi (P ̴ ̴ F P), 'me ka molek'hule ea ADP - nngwe (P ̴ P).

Mona ke life litšobotsi tsa ATP sebopeho. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore pakeng tsa litlhaka kahare acid e phosphoric thehoa makroenergeticheskaya tlamo e sebopeho le ATP mesebetsi amana.

Sebopeho le mosebetsi likokoana-hloko tsa ATP limolek'hule. makgetheng tlatsetso ya diphosphate adenosine

Ntle le matla, ATP ka phetha mesebetsi e meng e mengata ka seleng. Hammoho le tse ling tse nucleotide diphosphate diphosphate amehang kaho ea acid e nucleic. Tabeng ena, ATP, GTP, ttp di, CTP le UTP ke bafani ba makalana nitrogenous. thepa ena e sebelisoa ka le thulaganyo ya DNA boikatiso le mongwalollo.

ATP hlokahala hore metjha e Ion hape. Mohlala, Na-K le kanaleng lipompo sodium 3 limolek'hule tloha lisele le ho di-pump potassium 2 molek'hule ka seleng. hona joale ena Ion e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho boloka qoso e ntle holim'a ka ntle la lera, 'me feela ho sebedisa ATP le kanaleng le khona ho sebetsa hantle. E tšoanang e sebetsa ho le proton le k'halsiamo metjha e.

ATP ke selelekela a manģosa mahareng Camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - liahelo ha feela fetisetsa pontšo fumana lera seleng ea receptors, empa hape ke allosteric effector. effectors Allosteric - ke dintho hore potlakisa kapa a liehe ho theosa le liphetoho enzymatic. Kahoo, cyclic adenosine thibela ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale hore catalyzes le bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa lactose ka lisele tsa baktheria ka.

ATP molek'hule ka boeona e ka boela ba le allosteric effector. Ho feta moo, ka dithulaganyo joalo antagonist ATP ADP sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le ha diphosphate eketsa itšoara joang, ka nako eo thibela diphosphate, le motlatsi le lengwe. Tsena ke mesebetsi 'me sebōpeho sa ATP.

E le ATP thehoa ka seleng

Mosebetsi le sebōpeho sa ATP ba joalo hore limolek'hule tsa ntho ea sebelisoa ka potlako 'me ba timetsoa. Ka hona diphosphate tswakana - ke ntho e bohlokoa ea matla sebopeho ka seleng.

Ho na le tse tharo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa mokhoa bakeng sa tswakana tsa diphosphate adenosine:

1. The substrate phosphorylation.

2. Oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Substrate phosphorylation e thehiloe liphetoho tse ngata li etsahala ka cytoplasm seleng. liphetoho tsena li bitsoa glycolysis - anaerobic sethaleng sa respiration aerobiki. Ka lebaka leo, ka potoloho e mong oa glycolysis ho tloha 1 tsoekere molek'hule e tsa maiketsetso ke limolek'hule tse peli tsa acid e pyruvic ba ka ho eketsehileng o ile a sebelisa ho hlahisa matla le hape a mabeli tsa maiketsetso ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Oxidative phosphorylation. seleng ea respiration

Oxidative phosphorylation - ke sebopeho sa ATP ke fetiswa ha dieleketerone ka elektrone lipalangoang ketane ea lera la. Ka lebaka la phetiso joalo tsa le proton kretiente Ho thehoa ka lehlakoreng le leng la lera le ho sebedisa sete ya protheine ea bohlokoa ATP trehalohydrolase ke haha limolek'hule. tshebetso nka sebaka ka lera mitochondrial.

Tatelano ea mehato ea glycolysis le phosphorylation oxidative ka mitochondria ke tshebetso kakaretso bitsoa hema. Mora potoloho e feletseng ho tloha 1 molek'hule ea tsoekere ka seleng 36 Ho thehoa ea limolek'hule ATP.

photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation thulaganyou e - sena ke oxidative phosphorylation tšoanang le phapang e 'ngoe feela: itšoare ka phosphorylation etsahala liseleng chloroplasts tlas'a tšusumetso ea leseli. ATP hlahiswa nakong tala khanya sethaleng - tshebetso tsa motheo tsa ho fumana matla a dimela tala, dimelametsing le libaktheria tse ling li.

Ka tshebetso ya ho tala bakeng sa tšoanang le elektrone e-lipalangoang ketane fetisetsana dieleketerone, sephetho le ka le proton kretiente. Ea mahloriso ea protons ka lehlakoreng le leng la lera ka ke mohloli oa ATP tswakana. Bokana limolek'hule etsoa ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ATP trehalohydrolase.

Thahasellisang lintlha tse mabapi ATP

- The seleng ea karolelano e na le 0,04% ea boima kakaretso ea diphosphate adenosine. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e hlokometse ka lisele tse mesifa: 0.2-0.5%.

- In ka seleng, ka limilione tse likete tse 1 limolek'hule tsa ATP.

- mong le e mong molek'hule ha e phela ho feta metsotso e 1.

- One ATP molek'hule e ntlafalitsoeng ea letsatsi ka makhetlo a 2000-3000.

- In chelete, ka letsatsi la 'mele oa motho synthesizes 40kg adenosine diphosphate,' me ka nako le nako ha oa matsete oa ATP e 250 g,

bofello

ATP sebopeho le mosebetsi likokoana-hloko tsa limolek'hule tsa lona li amana haufi-ufi. ntho e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho le thulaganyo ea bophelo, hobane ka tlamo e eneji, le pakeng tsa litlhaka kahare ea phosphate na le palo e khōlō ea matla. ATP etsa mesebetsi e mengata ka seleng, 'me ka hona ke habohlokoa ho ho boloka ea mahloriso ea kamehla ea ntho ena. Thipitlo le tswakana eang ka lebelo le holimo, ke hore,. Ho. Likamano The eneji, le lula sebelisoa ka liphetoho skeletal. Ke ba bohlokoa haholo motsoako oa seleng e leha e le efe 'meleng. Mona, mohlomong, tsohle e ka se buileng ka seo sebopeho ke ATP.