Sebopeho, Saense ea
Tšohile dinama tse nyenyane tse: sebopeho le mosebetsi. Features dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo. Types of dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo
Re ne re atisa ho fumana tšohile, kamehla sefa boitsebiso o tlang, ho ikutloa joang ka lefatše le re potolohileng le leka ho mamela 'mele oa hao,' me ka sena sohle re thusoa ke lisele tsa hlollang. Ba le ka lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho e telele, ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa mofuta pholletsa le ho hōla ha lintho tse phelang Lefatšeng.
Re ke ke ra bolela hore tsamaiso ea rōna ea pono, ho hlahloba le ho e le karabelo e loketseng. Empa re hole haholo tlosoa liphoofolo. Utloisisa kamoo joalo tsamaiso e rarahaneng, ke habohlokoa haholo eseng feela bakeng sa litsebi - litsebi tsa baeloji le lingaka. Sena se ka 'na ho thahasella,' me batho ba diprofesheneng tse ling.
Boitsebiso bo sehloohong sena e fumaneha ho mong le e mong le e ka ba molemo, e seng feela e le tsebo, hobane le kutloisiso ea phelang - le senotlolo sa ho utloisisa u ithata.
Oo o na le boikarabelo ba
Batho methapo dinama tse nyenyane tse nang le o ikhethang oa mehaho le tshebetso tšoane ha methapo ea kutlo le ho sebelisana bona itseng. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, boko rona - thata haholo lokisetsa tsamaiso. Le ho laola boitšoaro ba rōna, maikutlo a le ho nahana, re lokela ho ba le marangrang a rarahaneng haholo.
Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, sebopeho le mosebetsi o hlalosa sete ya methapo ea kutlo - lisele tse le Spikes - le beha tshebetsong tlwaelehileng ea 'mele, pele ho tsohle, e fana ka mosebetsi hokahangoa ea litsamaiso tsohle lekala. Tabeng ya bobedi, e amahanya 'meleng ho ea tikoloho Link le e fana ka e-ba le karabelo etsehang ho phetoho lona. Thirdly, laola metabolism tlas'a maemo a sa tšoaneng. Mefuta eohle ea dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo ke lintho tse bonahalang karolo ea e tlameletswe dikelellong tsa ho: alamo tsamaiso ea - ho bua le ho nahana, peculiarities ea boitšoaro sechabeng. Ba bang ba bo-rasaense ba hypothesized hore motho e matlafalitse kelello ea hao, e leng seo a ne a lokela ho "tela" liphoofolo tse ngata tse nang le bokhoni. Ka mohlala, ha re na a hlobaetsang le mahlo le ho utloa, ke eng e ka ithorisang ea liphoofolo.
Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, sebopeho le mosebetsi oa oona e leng ho motheong oa phetiso ea motlakase le lik'hemik'hale e ka ho hlaka localized litla. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho humoral e, tsamaiso ea sebetsang sebakeng sa hae hang-hang.
Tse ngata difetisi nyane
Lisele tsa dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo - the methapo ea kutlo - ke diyuniti mehaho le tshebetso tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Neuron seleng ea sebopeho tšoauoa ka e thata 'me e ile ea eketseha tshebetso botsayakarolo. Sebōpeho sa neuron li entsoe ka 'mele eukaryotic (Soma) bao bophara le 3-100 microns dithulaganyo. Soma neuron kenyelletsa ditokiseletso le khubu 'me nucleolus le sethusathuto biosynthetic eo e bopa enzyme, dintho tlholeho ho mesebetsi e khethehileng ea methapo ea kutlo. Sena Nissl namane - ka thata-thata le haufi le e mong le e tse ling tse liliba pantshisi-tse sa batallang endoplasmic reticulum le sethusathuto Golgi pele.
Mesebetsi ea sele methapo ea kutlo e ka a sa khaotse a atlehe, ka lebaka la ho ea ka bongata 'meleng "dimela matla" ho hlahisa ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton hlahiswa neurofilaments le microtubules, o phetha karolo tšehetsa. Nakong ea ho lahleheloa ke mehaho e lera pigment lipofuscin e tsa maiketsetso, palo ea e leng eketsa le ho eketseha le lilemo li neuron ena. The bakoang methapo ea kutlo pigment thehoa melatonin. nucleolus e entsoe ka protheine le RNA ho tswa ho DNA ea mantlha. The ontogeny tsa nucleolus le basophils beha mathomo liphetoho boitšoaro ho batho, kaha ba itšetleha ka mosebetsi 'me maqhubu a ya mabitso. Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse kenyeletsang motheo mehaho unit trust - the neuron, empa ho na le mefuta e meng ea tšehetso dinama tse nyenyane tse.
Features ya sebōpeho sa lisele tse methapo ea kutlo
Dvuhmembrannoe khubung methapo ea kutlo o pores leo ka lona phunyeletse litšila dintho di nkiloeng. Ka liphatsa tsa lefutso sethusathuto khethollo ea hlaha ka etsa hore phetolo le maqhubu a sa sebelisana. E mong mosebetsi khenele ke molao oa tsamaiso ea tswakana protheine. Ba hōlileng tsebong methapo ea kutlo ke ke arola ke mitosis, 'me liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ikemiselitse ho dihlahiswa a sebetsang a synthesizing e mong le e neuron lokela netefatsa tshebetso le homeostasis ho pholletsa le potoloho ea bophelo. Phetolo ya likarolo tse senyehileng le sieo intracellularly feela ka 'na etsahala. Empa ho na le ntle le mabaka a. The epithelium tsa semanolli olfactory bang ganglia ea liphoofolo khona ho arola.
Lisele tsa dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo e pono khetholloa ka mefuta e fapaneng ya boholo bo le dibopeho. Methapo ea kutlo tšoauoa ka sebopeho kamehla ka lebaka la dithulaganyo, hangata se sengata le overgrown. Sena se - conductors phele ho ea ka matshwao a medumo tsa motlakase, tse qapa ke selikalikoe reflex. Tšohile dinama tse nyenyane tse, sebopeho le mosebetsi oa oona e itshetlehile lisele haholo le farologantswng la, eo karolo ea bopilwe ka temoho ea boitsebiso kutlo khouto e ke linaoa motlakase le fetisetsa ho ba bang kaofela ea lisele le farologantswng la, ea ka khonang ho fana ka karabelo. Ke hoo e ka bang instantaneous. Empa ba bang ba dintho, ho akarelletsa le joala, haholo fokotsa hae.
ka axons
Mefuta eohle ea dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo mosebetsi le ho ba le seabo ka ho toba dithulaganyo-dendrites le axons. Axon e fetoletsoe ho tloha Segerike e le "selekane". Tsamaiso ena e le atolositse, sehlopha conductive ke nyakallo-Spikes ho methapo ea kutlo tse ling. Axon ditomotsebe tsa haholo se makala a, e mong le e nang le bokhoni ba itšoara ka methapo ea kutlo 5,000 le 10 ho theha likete mabitso.
Locus Soma, eo makala a theoha axon ea bitsoang axon hillock. Ho kopanya le axon hore ba haelloa ke kaba endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, le enzymatic rarahaneng.
A batla a ea dendrites
lebitso lena le bolela seleng ea "sefate". Joaloka makala a, ho tloha Soma hola stubby le matla dithulaganyo branching. Ba fumana matšoao 'me ba loci moo ho na le synapses. Dendrites dessyecik makala lehlakoreng - spines - eketsa sebakeng holim 'me ka hona mabitso. Dendrites ntle likoahelo, axons li pota-potiloe ke myelin selateng. Myelin ke lipid tlhaho, 'me ketso ea eona e tšoana le thepa ea li sireletsang serameng tsa polasetiki kapa barbotage rabara lithapo motlakase. generating nyakallo ntlha - axon hillock - le hlaha sebakeng seo se hlahang ho yona ya axon ho tswa ho Soma ka libaka thunye.
Tšoeu taba nyoloha le theoha litseleng ka boko le axons lesapo la mokokotlo foromo ke tse litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo li tšoaroa, ho introducer jereng mosebetsi - neurotransmission. The ka matshwao a medumo tsa motlakase di a tšoaetsanoang ka ho mafapha a sa tšoaneng tsa boko le lesapong la mokokotlo, a phethang le puisano e pakeng tsa bona. Litopo phethahatso ka nako e tšoanang ka amanang ho receptors ena. Gray taba ya cortex bokong e thehoa. The kanale lesapo la mokokotlo e le setsi sa reflexes tlhaho (e thimola, ho khohlela) le litsi autonomic tsa mosebetsi reflex la mala, ho ntša metsi, defecation. E kenellang lipakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo, 'mele le dendrites ya metsamao phetha mosebetsi reflex, a phethang liphetoho tsa likoloi.
Features ya dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo e loketseng ka palo ea dithulaganyo. Methapo ea kutlo tse monopolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, ferekanyang. The batho methapo dinama tse nyenyane tse sa etseng monopolar lehlomela e mong oa methapo ea kutlo. Ka multipolar - le ho hongata haholo ea likutu dendritic. branching Sena ha se ama lebelo la pontšo ena.
Fapaneng lisele tse - mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi
Ho sebetsa ha sele methapo ea kutlo e ka thoko ho tswa ho lihlopha tsa methapo ea kutlo. Botsayakarolo ka selikalikoe reflex kapa khetholla methapo ea kutlo afferent kutlo, khanna litakatso tsa ho tswa ho makala a le letlalo ho bokong.
E kenellang lipakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo, kapa mokgatlo, - sehlopha sa ho switjha kapa o tlohang methapo ea kutlo e sekaseka le ho etsa qeto ea, a phethang seleng ea methapo ea kutlo mosebetsi.
Efferent methapo ea kutlo, kapa nahanela, le tšoare ka boitsebiso bo mabapi le sensations - the takatso tloha letlalo le litho tse ka hare bokong.
Efferent methapo ea kutlo, effector, kapa mokhatlo oa, boitšoaro litakatso - the "sehlopha" ho tloha boko le lesapong la mokokotlo ho 'mele kaofela sebetsa.
Properties tsa methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse e methapo ea kutlo sebetsa rarahaneng le ho roala mabenyane a mosebetsi 'meleng, ha ho le jwalo humdrum khale tshebetsong - ho fana ka lijo, ho tlosa lihlahisoa bola, mosebetsi sireletsang fumana thusang kapa ho tšehetsa neuroglial lisele tse Schwann.
Tshebetso ya sebopeho sa lisele tse methapo ea kutlo
Lisele tsa tube, ho neural le khethollo ea ganglion poleiti hlalosang litšobotsi tsa dinama tse nyenyane tse neural ka litaelo tse peli tsa fetoha neuroblasts kgolo le neurocytes. Nyenyane lisele tse (spongioblasty) ha e eketsa le ho ba glial liseleng. Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, mefuta ea masela tse qapa ka methapo ea kutlo, e na le ba ka sehloohong le ba thusang. Thusang lisele tse ( "glial lisele tse") ke ya sebopeho le mosebetsi o itseng.
ho iphetola ha lintho lesela
The thepa ka sehloohong oa motho ea phelang phelang ke teneha kapa nahanela. methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse mofuta tsehetsoang ka bopaki phylogenetic boemo ba a phoofolo a le na le a iponahatsa ka bophara, thatafatsa tshebetso ya ho iphetola ha lintho. phelang All hloka entsprechen itseng tsa ka hare sebedisana hlomamisetsoa le molao oa tsamaiso ea sebelisana tšoanetseng pakeng tsa ba tsusumetso ea hore homeostasis le naha ea bohloeki. Tšohile dinama tse nyenyane tse ea liphoofolo, haholo-holo multicellular sebopeho le mesebetsi ya tse di undergone aromorphoses, khothalletsa batho ho pholoha ka loanela ho ba teng. Ka khale hydroid hlahiswa stellate, lisele tse methapo ea kutlo hasana ho pholletsa le 'mele' me a tloaelana dithulaganyo botle ka ho fetisisa, lohellana. mofuta ona wa dinama tse nyenyane tse neural o bitsoa diffuse.
Tsamaiso ea methapo planar le roundworms bakoang, lere mofuta (ortogon) e na le para ea ganglia bokong - lihlopha tsa lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo le ho extending ho tloha likutu bona longitudinal (konnektivy) ya kokangana ke commissures sefapano palesa. Ka annelids tloha peripharyngeal ganglion amanang palesa, siea ya ventral methapo ea kutlo thapo, eo mong le e mong karolo e - tse pedi contiguous noute methapo ea kutlo e amana ka ho sebelisoa masela a methapo ea kutlo. Ba bang ba lekoala khobokellane methapo ea kutlo ganglia le sebopeho sa boko. Tlhaho le ho tlwaetsa ka sebaka sa hlalosoa ke arthropods cephalization para ganglia ea boko, methapo peripharyngeal lesale le ventral methapo ea kutlo ketane.
Ka dinama tse nyenyane tse chordate neural, mefuta e dinama tse nyenyane tse e leng matla, ho le thata ho fumana, empa ena sebopeho ya evolutionarily lokafatsoang. dikarolo fapaneng hlaha 'me ba lokisetsa lehlakoreng dorsal ea' mele ea ho theha e neural tube, cavity - nevrotsel. Ka vertebrates e le farologantswng la ka boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. Ka sebopeho sa boko qetellong pel'a bataoloa tube,. Haeba e ka tlaase multicellular tsamaiso ea methapo e phetha karolo feela ho hlaola, joale liphoofolo e phahameng o etsoang polokelo tlhahisoleseding, ho tlosa, ha ho hlokahala, 'me hape e fana ka sebetsa le nyalano e.
Ka liphoofolo tse anyesang, tsena boko ruruha fa phahama ho likarolo tse khōlō tsa boko. Le ba bang kaofela tube, ho bopa ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, sebopeho le mosebetsi oa oona e ka liphoofolo tse anyesang phahameng, e undergone liphetoho tse khōlō. Sena ntshetsopeleng e tsoelang pele ea cortex bokong, 'me likarolo tsohle tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo, a etsa hore e tlwaetsa rarahaneng ho maemo a tikoloho,' me molao oa tsamaiso ea homeostasis.
Center le Periphery
tsamaiso ea methapo ba classified ke mafapha a tshebetso le human anatomy. Sebopeho anatomical e tšoanang le mabitso a sebaka seo ho sona ka thōko tsamaiso e khopo e bohareng ea methapo le pheriferale. The tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e akarelletsa boko le lesapong la mokokotlo, le methapo pheriferale emetsweng, likopanong tse nyenyane le qetello. Methapo dithulaganyo hlahisa lihlopha ke CNS myelin selateng sa koahela kakaretso, tsamaisa matšoao motlakase. methapo ea kutlo kutlo, dendrites theha methapo kutlo axons - methapo tsa likoloi.
Kopano ea mefuta e telele le tse kgutshwanyane tsoakane methapo tsa hlaha. Ho bokella le ho go tlhoma tlhaloganyo mo, neuronal mele seleng ea etsa nodes ka nģ'ane ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. dipheletso methapo ea kutlo tse arotswe receptor le effector. Dendrites ke makala a bolaeang ho teneha fetoloa matšoao motlakase. A axons efferent fela - ka ho sebetsa 'mele, mesifa, likhoele, litsoelesa. Classification tshebetso e fana ka maikutlo a karohano tsamaisong somatic methapo le ikemetseng.
Ntho e 'ngoe eo re laola, empa ntho e' ngoe ka nģ'ane ho taolo ya rona
The thepa ya dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo e loketseng ha e le hantle hore somatic tsamaiso ea methapo e ka tlasa thato ea motho, innerviruya tshebetso oona tsamaisong tšehetso. litsi Motor e cortex bokong. Ikemetseng, e leng e boetse e bitsoa vegetative, ha ea itšetleha ka ho etsa thato ea motho. E Thehiloe ho dipatlisiso tsa lona, u ke ke ua potlakisa kapa fokotsa lebelo pelo morethetho kapa mala motility. Ho tloha sebakeng sa litsi autonomic - hypothalamus, ka tsela ea tsamaiso ea methapo autonomic basekaseki pelo le methapo ea, endocrine tsamaiso, makala a ka mpeng.
Methapo ea kutlo dinama tse nyenyane tse, lifoto tseo u ka bona ka holimo, e bopa le kutloelo-bohloko le parasympathetic likarohano ba tsamaiso autonomic tšohile, eo dumella hore ba sebeletse e le ba khahlanong le lōna, ho fana e le hantle baa antithetical. Nyakallo ka mele o le mong e etsa hore deceleration ka dithulaganyo tse ling. Ka mohlala, liseleng tsa kutlo le kutloelo-bohloko bakela matla le khafetsa khutsufatso ea likamoreng tse ka pelo, vasoconstriction, khatello ea mali lawko ka norepinephrine e lokolloa. Parasimpatika lokolla acetylcholine, tlatsetsa ho ea felloe ke ea utloa morethetho pelo, ho eketsa lumen ya methapo ya fokotswa khatello. Go lekalekanyo lihlopha tsena tsa mediators normalize pelo morethetho.
The tsamaiso ea methapo le kutloelo-bohloko o nka khato ka nako khatello e matla ha tšoha kapa sithabetse. Matšoao etsahala sebakeng sa thoracic le lumbar vertebrae. Tsamaiso parasympathetic e butswe phomotse le tshilo ya dijo, nakong ea ho robala. Litopo tsa methapo ea kutlo ho - ka kutu le sacrum.
Ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane ho hlahloba lisele tse haholo-holo Purkinje, eo na le pere e bōpehileng joaloka le e plurality ya branching dendritic, mong ka bona kamoo ho fetiswa botsitso, 'me ho senola mochine oa mehato e latellanang tshebetso.
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