The Yak-40. Mopalami lifofane tsa USSR. Yakovlev Design Bureau

Hangata ha re utloa ka lifofane lifofane tsa lehae, re hlahisa sefofane sa jete jumbo hore ka fofa likete km ea litsela. Leha ho le joalo, ba etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a mane a moea e etsoang ke mela e ea moo moea, bolelele ba tsona e km 200-500, 'me ka linako tse ling ba ile ba ba lekanya feela ba mashome a km. Ho merero joalo le Yak-40 o ne a bōptjoa. Sena sefofane ikhetha, 'me li tla tšohloa sehloohong se.

ho pheta-pheta pele

Yak-40 (photo photo photo photo fanoeng sehloohong se bontša hore lifofane) e ne e le lekhetlo la pele ba Soviet Union 'me mopalami ea lefatše ho ea sefofane sa jete, eo e se e etselitsoe ho sebetsa ka Lufthansa moo. O ile a ba lifofane ba pele ba ho USSR, eo o ile a fumana lengolo la airworthiness ka Bophirimela ho fihlela setifikaite tšoanang naheng ya rona. The Yak-40 e ne e le ea pele e ruuoang Airbus amohetse ditefikeiti Jeremane le Italy. O ne a boetse a ba pele ba Soviet Union lifofane feta litekanyetso tsa airworthiness BCAR Engelane le United States kaofela - FAR-25. Mosebetsi oa ka setifikaite sefofaneng ho ba thusitse ho potlakisa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa sefofane a 'ngolise lona Soviet Union, ho nkeloa ka lapeng la maemo a airworthiness, hammoho le tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ya rona,' maloa a diyuniti le thepa eo bo lumellana le melao ea "Bophirimela." Ho phaella moo, o ile a ea pele mopalami sefofane seo ho Yakovlev Design Bureau.

Moreki pele le litlhaloso tse tsoang litsebi li

Italy e ile ea fetoha naha ea pele lefatšeng, e fumanweng ho Yak-40. O ile a boela a hlophisa nehelano ea tshebetso tse phahameng tsa mochine. Piloted ke teko motsamaisi M. G. Zavyalov le Setaliana bakhanni, lifofane li ile tsa etsa sefofane ho tswa ho motse-moholo oa Setaliana ho Australia. tsela ena o ne a hlōla ntle ho hlōleha leha e le efe 'me hamper. Ka April 1970 makasine ea French tsamaiso ea lifofane Magazine hlokomela hore Yak-40 ke pele ka moralo, boholo le ka sefofane litšobotsi tse. Ka Bophirimela, ho na le hoo e batlang e ha ho na lifofane e neng e ka ba hanyetsa ho rao Serussia. Ka US, feela ntshetswa pele merero e kang, ho sebediswa ha eo e ne e le ho nka sebaka feela lilemo tse seng kae.

litsebi tsa lefatše kaofela o ile a fa lintlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa le Serussia lifofane Yakovlev Design Bureau.

bōpa lifofane

Ke ntshetsopeleng ya Yak-40, baenjiniere ba ile ba qala ka April ea selemo 65th ea tse lekholo tse fetileng. Ka morero oa ho lifofane e ncha e ne e le ho nka sebaka dikai siiloe ke nako ea piston Il-12, Il-14 le Li-2, ea neng a sebetsa ka Lufthansa moo. Union lifofane bahlahisi nka selemo se le seng feela moralo le kaho ea mochine o sa. Ho joalo, October 21, 1966 teko motsamaisi Arseniem Kolosovym ile pele a tsosa ka mochine moea - the Yak-40. A tsobotsi khethehileng ke bokhoni ba lifofane ho nka theoha ho tloha airfields unpaved. Ho ile kgothaletswa ke thōko fetang sebopeho lifofane, se beha baenjiniere Yakovlev Design Bureau.

"Molwantshi wa parafine" kapa "tšepe e mofeng"

Yak-40 (photo photo photo photo ka holimo e bontsa) ke mochine e bonolo ka ho fetisisa e reretsoeng ho baleha 'me fatše basebetsi nang le litšoaneleho tsa se mahareng. Ka mor'a hae ba ne ba khomaretse boswaswi tse peli - "tšepe mofeng" (a boholo ba fokolang 'me o tletse dymlenie diyuniti matla) le "molwantshi wa ya parafine" (bakeng sa tshebediso ya godimo mafura). Airbus ena e na le ho tšepahala phahameng haholo le polokeho tshebetso. Yak-40 ka e nkang haeba e mong oa dienjini tse tharo, 'me ho etsa sefofane se seng sa diyuniti matla. Ka airfields ba hloke tsebo bahlanka mosebetsi bebofatsa ikemetseng thunye sesebediswa, lere phutha, phahameng controllability ka koloing. Tsamaisa dienjini e ka morao ea fuselage o fokotswa thothometsa le lerata.

seo a se finyeletseng tsa mosebetsi o boima

Kakaretso ea indasteri Union lifofane hlahiswa 1011 diyuniti Yak-40 ea mohlala. Taba e ile ile a khaotsa ho ka 1981, empa sena ha sea ka sa felisa bophelo ba lifofane ba. lilemo tse fetang mashome a mane ka Lufthansa ea lefatše ho ea - ha ho bopaki bo molemo ka ho fetisisa ea ho tšepahala ha mochine, e nepahetse ditharollo botekgeniki mathata a rarahaneng a hlahang nakong ea ho bōptjoa ha ea mohlala ona! Le bayemi le technologists Minsk lifofane Repair Plant se feela version e ncha ea bophelo ea bobeli ea sefofane, empa hape ka kopanelo le ditsebi Yakovlev Design Bureau e se e fane ka li bōpiloe - fofang dilaboratiriamong, tseo ba sa tsoa fumana bohlokwa ka moruo ea sechaba. The sefofane Russia fumane kopo lohle haholo. Ho joalo, ke lilemong tsa bo-seventies ea Yak-40 botlalo nkeloa sebaka ea kileng ba sebeletsa Il-12, Il-14 le Li-2 le Airlines moo. Kaha tseba Sefofane ea libakeng tse fetang tse makholo a mararo ka har'a naha, ho workaholic ka 1988 isoa bapalami ba fetang limilione tse mashome a robeli. Le histori ea lifofane ena e-s'o ea phethoa. Sebetsa se ileng sa etsahalla ea mohlala ona naheng ea heso le linaheng tse leshome le metso e robeli tsoang linaheng tse ling ho hang o ile a bontša booatla ba qeto ea ka khaotsa ho tsuba ba Yak-40 tlhahiso. Kahoo, Phetolo ya dienjini ho feta mafura a sebetsang hantle dienjini morao-rao e ne e tla lumelloa ho eketsa tlhahiso le ya diyantle le sefofaneng sa.

diyantle

Shop ea pele Yak-40 sefofane bakeng sa diyantle bakeng Ho ile ha qalisoa ka 1970, lilemo tse 'nè feela ka mor'a hore u iphe-theoha motsamaisi ea mohlala. Ka lilemo tse leshome ka Asia, Europe le Republic of Cuba e rekiswa diyuniti 125 ba variants e fapaneng ya mapatlelong le diphetolo. Export dikai ka bapisoa le seriale ba ne ba a 'maloa a ho se tšoane ka bophara ba ntlo le tsamaya thepa. Tsena mopalami lifofane USSR fuoa linaheng shorobedi: Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Zambia, Italy, Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, le Republic Semalagasy, Poland, Syria, Jeremane, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. Ka 2000, ho Kamchatka lifofane rekiswa lifofane e mong ho Honduras. Ho tloha ka 1967, ho Yak-40 e ne e le morupeluoa ka tsohle Salons lifofane Engelane, Jeremane, Japane, Italy, Fora, Sweden le linaheng tse ling. Sena sefofane tsomo ka sefofane totobetseng, o entse km fetang tse makholo a mahlano tse sekete le etetse linaheng tse ngata, e seng feela ka Europe empa hape Asia, Amerika, Afrika le Australia. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore Yak-40 ke pele ba Soviet Union sefofane seo, e neng e rekisoa linaheng bathapi le ipatlele indasteri bona tse tsoetseng pele lifofane. lifofane tsena ke kajeno sebetsa ke Airlines ea linaha lesomethataro.

potreite botekgeniki

Re tšohleng tobileng le. Yak-40, ho ea ka ya data pasa, o ne a rerile bakeng sa e-ba bolelele ea e mong le halofo km sekete. Lepheo na le sebaka seo ka toka kgolo - limithara tse lisekoere 70, eo ile a etsa ho ka khoneha ho lahla tsamaiso ea flaps haholo rarahaneng multislit le slats. The matha ka lebelo le e 510 km SE / H. Khopolo tsa motheo tsa sebopeho lifofane e ne e le tsela e bonolo, e le motsoako oa tse tharo dienjini jete le mapheo a maholo, e phahameng sefofane se tloha 'me lulisa tshebetso. Hula matleng a ea unit trust matla ke lithane tse halofo. Molemo o mong ke powerplant karolelano enjene, e leng e lokisetsa ka fuselage, ho na le se mo khutlisetsang bocheng qheletseng - sesebediswa khethehileng e lumellang ho fetola tataiso ea ho qeta monono khase le molapo nakong braking sefofaneng sa. unit trust ena e fokolitse sebaka ka koloing ka lulisa ho fihlela ho limithara tse 400. Le balebeli ba na le ho etsolla botho ha enjene le lifofane ho. Sena ke sa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho kopanngoa ha semela ka matla 'me e le ho bebofatsa Phetolo ya unit trust bohareng. The cheisi tsa mochine o hlomelloa le tsamaiso bonolo damping, ho fokotsa khatello ea ka holim 'a runway ena. All ena e lumelloa lifofane ho nka theoha le naha ka tsela e sireletsehileng ka lebaka ka sekoahelo mobu.

The cockpit tlakoloha batho ba babeli ba: molaoli le sebedisana motsamaisi, empa u ka kenya setulo boraro haeba ho hlokahala. Terakeng khalase tse khethehileng motlakase futhumatsang. Lebenkele Yak-40 ke hoo e bokgoni ba bapalami ba 27 ho 32. lifofane e hlomelloa le morao-rao avionics acrobatic thepa tsamaya eo lumella u ho fofa bosiu le motšehare, ka maemo a sa boemo ba leholimo ho ena e bohloko. Thepa e kenyeletsa: autopilot, fellang maiketsetso, tsamaiso ea directional, a khoheli a sesupa-tsela, ba babeli ba jarolla ka ho iketsa ka tataiso tšehang ba bang, tsamaiso kursoglissadnuyu lulisa, seea-le-altimeter bakeng bophahamong tlaase. Lifofane hlomelloa le haholo sebetsang hantle oona tsamaisong air-mocheso ho thibela icing tsa matlo le. Radio leholimo radar thusa ho lemoha boteng ba shebaneng sefefo ka sefofane tseleng. Ho ea ka ya data pasa, e mohlodi sefofane seo ke lihora tse mashome a mararo tse sekete, 'me bophelo ba tšebeletso - ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 25.

mocha ea bobeli

Ka 1999, Yakovlev Design Bureau lienjiniere li hlahisa lithuto le dipalelo, e ile ea bontša hore lifofane bophelong tshebetso ka imenne habeli ho matlafatsa moralo le ntlafatso ea airframe ena. Tshebeletso lenaneo katoloso le tla ho dumella lik'hamphani ho defer ho hlokahala hore a reka lifofane e mecha e tla boloka chelete e ngata. Modernization Program akarelletsa ho dienjini Phetolo powertrains baratos.

likotsi

Batho ba bangata ba, le esita le ba kamehla sebelisa litšebeletso tsa moea bajari, ba tšaba ho fofa. Le kamehla sefofane etella kenya letsoho hore ho ho hōla ha phobias tsena. batho ba joalo ha e na thuso ho bontša lipalo-palo, ho ea ka tseo, ka koloing soahlamana bolaea ho feta soahlamana. boikutlo bona e habonolo ile a hlalosa, hobane ha etella, le hoja e le ka seoelo haholo, ha a ntse a tse ngata batho ba ba bolaoa. Kamehla ho ea tšosa, eseng feela bakeng sa beng ba mahlatsipa, empa le bakeng sa baeti. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, ho tšaba e hlalosoa ka 'nete ea hore mopalami ke ke ua fetola letho, ho na le e ne e ha ho letho le ho itšetlehile, o ile a fana ka ka boeena o' me bophelo ba hae bo matsohong a motsamaisi le mechine soulless.

Kahoo, re nahana ka lipalo-palo tsa tahlehelo lifofane Yak-40. Koluoa ea le tahlehelo ea sefofane le ka mabaka a mang, bakeng sa histori tse fetang mashome a mane lilemo tsa ea mohlala ona feta liphesente tse leshome mokoallo. Ho joalo, lifofane 117 ba 'nile ba lahleheloa ke ho tloha qalong ea opereishene. Ea mechine tsena 46 li ne li robehile bakeng sa mabaka a sa tšoaneng, hangata e le ka lebaka la liphoso tsa bakhanni ba le ba laolang sephethephethe sa lifofane. Tse setseng 71 Yak-40 li ne li senyehile, ka lebaka leha e le efe, mona kenyelleditswe le lifofane timetsoa nakong tshebetso sesole ka libakeng tse sa tšoaneng a chesang. Tshohanyetso, a ho qetela mochini joalo hore e se e lahlehileng - e le sefofane seo, senyehile nakong ea ntoa bakeng sa Donetsk fofane la 26 May, 2014.

Yakovlev lifofane

Ka Yakovlev Design Bureau na le histori e ruileng. Maboteng tlile a mangata mechine e fapaneng, ho tloha lifofane sesole ho Jets jumbo. Ho na le fumaneha ka lipapali le dikai morero oa khethehileng, ho etsa mohlala, ho koetlisa bakhanni. Nahana ka tse ling tsa tsona, tse kang ho Yak-42. ea mohlala ona o ile oa qapa ka bohareng ba bo-70s ea ho tse lekholo tse fetileng ho Halvimmat lomat litsela tse khōlō haufi le Soviet Union. opereishene Commercial sefofaneng sena o ile a qala ka selemo sa 80th. Nakong ea lifofane hae 194 letoto la lihlooho tse ho hlahisoeng ho ile ha hahoa ka 1980-2002. Tsena, 42 Yak-64 botlaaseng e feletseng unit trust mme 130 - e ntafaditsweng phetolo ya Yak-42D - eketseha nka-theoha boima le telele. The matha ka lebelo la 700 km SE / H. lifofane e etselitsoeng ho palo e kahodimodimo sefofane fapaneng ya km likete tse 'nè. The ezalaki na mwa ndako mopalami e etselitsoeng litulo 120. sefofane Sena ha se lokela papatso, seo a se finyeletseng hae bua bakeng sa bona. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, ba ile ba beha robong direkoto tsa lefatše! Kahoo, ka mong oa bona ea Yak-42, e reretsoeng ho mela haufi, ne a ke ke lumellana hole ho tloha motse-moholo oa Russia Khabarovsk. Makatse ntse ke 'nete ea hore pele ho bōptjoa dikai tsa Yak-40 le Yak-42 Yakovlev Design Bureau develops airliners selotlolo mopalami ka kakaretso ha ba kopanela. botsayakarolo bona ka sehloohong - ho thuto, lipapali le lifofane sesole moloaneli.

Yak-18 sefofane

lifofane Sena ke e le setloholo sa UT-2L lokolla bo44 la tse lekholo tse fetileng. E reretsoe ho ea koetlisetsoa ea pele ea bakhanni. Lilemong tse ka mor'a ntoa, ho Yak-18 e ne e le ea pele e khōlō sethusathuto thuto. Ka ya kgopolo ya hae, thepa, le moralo bontša khopolo ea sefofane ka boemo ba leholimo e mpe le bosiu. lifofane le nkile le unit trust matla le matla a etsang dilitara tse ka bang 160. set lao., polygonal sekontiri se metsi masokoana aeromechanical. Sebopeho fuselage ke mofuta dikhampani tsa lipeipi tšepe. Nko ea lids le koetsoeng Performance qhotsoa, le mohatla e koahetsoe ka lesela. Stabilizers le keel na le tšepe foreime le thata haholo bopehileng menoana. Lepheo - dvulonzheronnoe, detachable, le karolo setsi. Detachable tšelisa le kaofela setsi sa karolong ho setho pele lehlakoreng na le kenapa thata, ha ba bang kaofela ba se koahetsoeng ka lesela. The Yak-18 ea mohlala, mefokolo kaofela pele ho eena eona li felisitsoe, ho ke ke tsitsitse haholo 'me habonolo laoloa ke sefofane,' me e na le litšobotsi tse ntle ho tshwara. Lebelo palo e kahodimodimo ea lifofane e 257 km SE / H, hloa 4 limithara / s, e bophahamong palo e kahodimodimo ea limithara tse likete tse 'nè, mefuta e fapaneng - km ba sekete, lulisa lebelo la 85 km SE / H. The Yak-18 e fana le a 'maloa a liletsa fapaneng bulelang monyetla oa ho bosiu le "ba foufetseng" fofang.

The Yak-18T - ka phetolo ea mochini oa Yak-18. Sena ke leseli multipurpose lifofane. Ke e mong oa lifofane sireletsehileng ka ho fetisisa sebelisoa likolong sefofane. Ho ile ka molao o ile a re ka e mong oa dikhonferense lifofane botekgeniki, 650 mechine Yak-18T ba ea tlisoa ka lifofane lihora tse fetang halofo ea milione ntle molato leha e le ofe ka lintho tse tebileng botekgeniki. Ka phetolelo ea morao-rao, sefofane sena fana versatility, ho ka ba le mopalami, ho ruta le ho ba koetlisa, bophelo bo botle, ho tsamaisa. Ho phaella moo, e sebediswa ho lebela oli le khase lipeipi, mela e matla, litsela theko e phahameng le meru, hammoho le ho tsamaisa bapalami tse tharo ho e leng sebaka sa km makholo a mahlano.

Lipapali sefofane ho tswa ho Yakovlev Design Bureau

Ea May 8, 1979 ka bosiu haufi le Tushino boema-fofane ho na le e ne e le sefofane se nyane le mapheo a bofubelu bo khanyang. Sefofane le bonolo kirietsa famously phethile aerobatics: meropa, loops, flips. Ea mahlo ea nang le phihlelo o ne a tla ba le hang-hang o ile a hlokomela hore ha ho tloaelehile hore batho ba moo ba e le 'ngoe lipapali Yak-50, e le mohlala o fapaneng. Large lantern e tsoetseng pele cockpit ile a bontša hore mochine ona habeli. Nakong ea lulisa ka khetholla se tšoane tse ling: lulisa uputsa le nko lulisa Gear. E ne e le pōpo e ncha ho tloha boenjiniere le moralo Bureau Yakovlev - the Yak-52 sefofane ea nang le bokhoni ba khotsofatsa ka ho fetisisa fapa-fapaneng le a loantšanang ditletlebong. Sena ke utloahala, hobane bakeng sa koetliso lipapali sethusathuto hloka margins fokolang haholo botsitso, ikitlaetsa ho se hokae, e leng lokela ho etsa motsamaisi ho laola letsoho mochine. E lokela Snap habonolo phetha aerobatics. Le lifofane bakeng sa koetliso ka lekhetlo la pele, e, ka fapana le hoo, e lokela ho ba tsitsitse haholo 'me ho le thata ho laola le ha le bogged fatše ka tailspin ka.

Ka sesebelisoa sa ho koetlisa lifofane ho liletsa, ho na le sebaka se seholo sa ho tsamaea le lisebelisoa tsa sefofanong, mme bakeng sa phetolelo ea lipapali e tla ba moroalo o eketsehileng. Ka mathata ana ohle, sehlopha sa baenjiniere le baqapi ba mekhatlo e ile ea arohana. Leha ho le joalo, baqapi ba lifofane ba ile ba sebetsana le mosebetsi ona "ka mokhoa o phethahetseng" le ka nako e khutšoanyane haholo: Yak-52 e hahiloe ka tlase ho likhoeli tse tšeletseng. Ena ke monoplane ea tšepe e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. Fuselage ke se-monocoque, e na le sheathing ea tšepe e sebetsang. E ikopanya ho foreimi e nang le rivet e foufetseng. Lepheo le na le molekane o le mong, o nang le likheo tsa mobu tse emisitsoeng likoseng tsa ramrod le tse laoloang ke li-cylinders. Maqhubu a mohatla ke a sa lefelloeng. Stabilizer le keel li etsoa motheong oa lenaneo la li-spruce tse peli. Yak-52 e na le mochine o nang le matla a bōpehileng a linaleli tse robong tse nang le matla a 360 a etsang dilitara tse. Le. E na le sepakapaka se feto-fetohang ka mokhoa o itekanetseng Tsela ea ho tsamaea le lisebelisoa tsa sefofane li u lumella hore u fofa maemong a thata a leholimo. Ho phaella setsing se tloaelehileng sa liletsa, mohlala ona o kenyelletsa tsamaiso ea lithupelo, tsamaiso ea seea-le-moeeng ea ultrashort le k'hamera ea seea-le-moea. Haeba ts'ebetsong ea lipalo tsa aerobatics e lokela ho etsoa, ho tsamaisoa ho sa hlokahale le thepa ea sefofaneng e qhaqhoa.