The lik'hemik'hale moralo oa glycerol. The mehaho le limolek'hule moralo

The bonolo polyhydric joala, ao ho 'ona ho na le lihlopha tse tharo OH, - glycerol. The moralo bakeng sa metsoako ea mofuta ona kakaretso, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Ho utloisisa hantle hore na ho thepa le ea e sebelisang ea glycerin le homologues lona, nahana ka mefuta e fapaneng ya metsoako ea mekhoa, e mong le ea eona e sebediswa maemong a itseng.

Classification le nomenclature tsa glycerols

Ka alcohols manyolo k'hemistri - ke dintho tswang hydrocarbons. Karolo ea liathomo hydrogen ka molek'hule e ka go engwa legatong ke lihlopha le 'ngoe kapa ho feta hydroxy. Alcohols fapana ka palo ea lihlopha tsa OH (mono-, di-, polyhydric). litho tse tlaase tsa sehlopha sa le palo ea liathomo k'habone ho tloha ho 1 ho 12 - dintho mokelikeli, e phahameng --butle. Alkantrioly, kapa glycerol - e alcohols trihydric nang ka lona ho hlophisoa tse tharo hydroxyl amanang le liathomo tse tharo fapaneng k'habone. Metsoako bao e leng sehlopha sena bontša thepa amphoteric, ka lebaka la tšusumetso bobeli sa lihlopha tse hydroxy le tse khōlō.

The bonolo moemeli alkantriolov - 1,2,3-propanetriol (synonyme - glycerin). Moralo ntho - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Hlophisitsoeng nomenclature akarelletsa ho buuoa ka lebitso la alkane ngollana le lentsoe "triol", ho sebelisoa ha lipalo Searabia, hlalosang boemo ba sehlopha OH. Baloang ka limolek'hule le ho homologs tsa glycerol ho tswa ho e haufi le wena ho ea qetellong ea ketane hydroxyl. Khoneha mefuta isomeric sebopeho tsa ketane k'habone, boemo ba lihlopha le hydroxy Optical.

Qalang glycerol

Seswedishe pharmacist Karl Scheele ka 1779 ka lekhetlo la pele o ile a fumana e ncha syrupy ntho ho tloha saponification ea mafura. lilemo tse 33 hamorao le Mofora M. Chevreul reha monate mokelikeli glycerin.

The lik'hemik'hale la Peluso thehilwe 1836 el. Bohlokoa monehelo ho ithuta sebopeho tse entsoeng Berthelot (1854) le ho Wurtz (1857), o tsoela pele ho batlisisa glycerol. Limolek'hule moralo le mofuta khōlō tsa lumelloa ho etsa glycerin ho fokotsa joala.

Tlhokeho ya glycerol e eketsehile haholo ho tloha ka 1847, ha e ile ha buloa Ester nitric. Seswedishe moenjiniere A. Nobel ka 1875 ba khona ho fumana ka ho sebelisa liqhomane glycerine - daenamaete.

Sebopeho, sebopeho le mathomo glycerol moralo

Sebopeho motheo tsa rekoto taba ketekeloang hong le 'nete,' me feteletseng moralo bonahetseng tsa glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. The ketane k'habone na liathomo tse tharo, e mong le e ea eona e amanang le sehlopha hydroxy. matshwaonyana lik'hemik'hale bolela dintho leng liathomo: C - k'habone, O - oksijene, H - hydrogen. Sebopeho glycerol bontša mekhoa e fapaneng (limolek'hule, mehaho). Ho pharaletseng sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka thuto ea boleng bo le sharosterzhnevye paterone ke hemispherical. Peli tlhakore le tse tharo-tlhakore dibopeho a bōpa ka modelling ya khomphuta ya hao - setšoantšo tlhaloganya sebaka sa molek'hule oa glycerol. Ba ho dumella ho bona eka sebopeho, mong ka maemo le hole, tlamo e hlaha ka lehlakoreng le pakeng tsa liathomo.

Limolek'hule le molare boima ba glycerol

Ke moralo limolek'hule li ka fumanoa le molare boima, le peresente ya likarolo ka dintho. Bakeng sa dipalelo ho hlokahala ea ho sebelisa melemo ea matšoele athomo ea likarolo tse thathamisitsoeng ka tafole nako le nako. The moralo bonahetseng tsa glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Ke ea ata ka boima ba 'mele ea athomo (ka. E. M.) Ha e le e mong le e elements ka palo ea liathomo, lateloa ke tlaleletsa ka melemo fumana tla fumana limolek'hule (Mr) le molare (M) ba boima le. Bakeng sa mofuta ona wa dipalelo ho le bonolo ho sebelisa glycerol feteletseng moralo - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; palo ea liathomo ka molek'hule ea - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; liathomo - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; liathomo - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 hammoho. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g, / Mol /
• The peresente ya likarolo ka dintho molek'hule: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

The palophatlo le mehaho moralo oa glycerol

Sebopeho sa taba le limolek'hule tsa lona li bontša palophatlo le tebileng le riteloang, empa ba ile ba u se ke ua iponahatsa le tokisetso ea liathomo le eo e fapana glycerol. Tsela eo le mehaho ya khomphuta ya hao ea mohlala molemo loketseng ea ho ithuta sebōpeho sa molek'hule ea, maqhama pakeng tsa liathomo.

• A moralo kwalwang tsa glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Ho tswa ho hlophisoa ha limolek'hule le tsejoa le kenyeleditsweng ka parentheses lihlopha tshebetso OH. Hang ka mor'a hore ho qetela parenthesis bontša palo ea lihlopha hydroxyl ka molek'hule ea.
• Polurazvernuty pono kwalwang moralo - HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Mehaho Mokgwa wa ho Nahana ka ho hlaka e bontša lefelo la molek'hule ena. Dashes pakeng tsa liathomo emela litlamo lik'hemik'hale.
• Lewis sebopeho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso matheba emetseng ho valence dieleketerone le banyalani ba sebetsang ka tlamo e thehoe.

Mefuta e meng limolek'hule setšoantšo lula sebaka se seholo, hangata sebelisa khutsufalitsoe ka moralo, mohlala, HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, le sebopeho ya marapo:

Boemo liathomo ka glyceryl molek'hule

Hydroxyl - phatsa Polar, ntle ho oksijene e na le le mong feela para ea dieleketerone. Ho ba teng ha lihlopha tse tharo hydroxyl isang karohanyo ho eketsehileng tsa O-H. K'habone liathomo bonahala a leeme qoso "+" bebofatswe nucleophilic tloswa ea hydroxyl. Peculiarities ya sebopeho le sebopeho, e leng bontša le mehaho moralo oa glycerin, li tiisoa ke thepa ea boleng bo le. komponeng ena e tšoauoa ka litlamo tse ngata hydrogen - maqhama fokolang haholo. Glycerol nang le tsona thepa feta phatlalletsoang acid e, e le bapisoa le ethanol 'me propanol. Har'a tse khōlō dingongoreho derivatives tsa glycerol trioleate. moralo:

• bonolo - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya kwalwang - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ COO) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• likarolo palophatlo le mehaho le ya marapo -

Ponahalo e glycerol

Ho wa kamore, 1,2,3-propanetriol - colorless kapa palo mosehla mokelikeli, odorless, monate tatso. Ea tiisa qhibiliha ka thempereichara e tlaase glycerin ho mocheso ka 17,8 ° C. A phehile ntho lateloa ke mouoane qala ka 290 ° C. Glycerol hanyenyane a boima ho feta metsi, segokanyipalo lona manolotsoeng ka 20 ° C e fana ka boleng ba 1,2604 g, / cm3.

Properties tsa 1,2,3-propanetriol

Lik'hemik'hale moralo oa glycerol ha fana ka tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le mofuta wa komponeng amphoteric. Fokolang asiti le motheo thepa ya dintho amanang le tšusumetso ea makgetheng liathomo ka molek'hule ea, ho karohanyo ea sehlopha G-H. Ka ho ba teng ha glycerol e ileng a itšoara ka a alkali hydroxide, koporo (II), o ile a fumana e putsoa 'mala o rarahaneng (se seng sa liphetoho ya boleng). Ka acid ea glycerol karabelong e qetella ka sebopeho sa esters. Itšoara ka joala trihydric le asiti nitric ka ho ba teng ha H ₂ SO ₄ (conc.) Isang hore ho thehoe nitroglycerin ho.

Lapeng, ho tloha mafura le oli sebelisa glycerol, ethyl joala le metsoako e meng ikemiselitse sesepa. Tsela pheha hloka hloko boima futhumatsang ka hlapa metsi, ka tsela e pōpo ho tlhopho ya dikarolo le dibopeho tsa sesepa etsang loketse sehlahisoa.

Glycerin le derivatives lona li sebelisoa enamels, pente, meriana e mengata, toiletries. E na le ho natefisa tatso ka mefuta e fapaneng ya lijo tse, ho akarelletsa thepa ea besitsoeng. lebitso la machaba la ho natefisa tatso le flavoring confections - E422. Hammoho le alcohols a mang, 'me esters mafura acid e, glycerin ho nkoa ka' nang mafura Phetolo tswang oli e tala. mekhoa e ka bolokang tjhelete ya sebedisa mefuta e sa tsoaneng e ntjha ya biodiesel ho le ngangisane likoloi tla revolutionize mokga wa lefatše lipalangoang. Ho ntlafatsa boemo ba tikoloho ea moruo lefatšeng ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka oli le khase.