Synapse - sena ... Haha synapse. Tšohile, mesifa le lik'hemik'hale synapse

Synapse - e hlalosoa ka ikopanya le sebakeng lehlomela ea lisele methapo ea kutlo 'me tse setseng lisele tse bao e seng excitable le excitable hore fana ka phetiso ya tlhahisoleseding pontšo. Synapse morphologically thehoa ho buisana le lera la lisele tse 2. lera e amana le appendages ea lisele methapo ea kutlo, e bitsoang lera presynaptic la sele, e leng a fumana pontšo ea bobeli ea lebitso la sona - postsynaptic. Hammoho le ho ba lera postsynaptic ka 'na ba interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular le neurosecretory. Lentsoe la synapse e ile hlahiswa 1897 ke Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Ke seo synapse?

Synapse - ka sebopeho khethehileng, e leng e fana ka phetiso ea methapo ea kutlo le litlheferetsi methapo ea kutlo tšusumetso e tsoang ho ho likhoele mong methapo ea kutlo kapa seleng ea methapo ea kutlo, 'me boo etsahetseng ka faeba methapo ea kutlo ho tloha seleng receptor (ikopanye le sebakeng seo le e mong le e liseleng tse ling methapo ea kutlo,' me masela a mang neural), lisele tse pedi methapo ea kutlo hloka .

Synapse - ofisi e nyenyane qetellong ea neuron ena. Ka thuso ea lona ke ho fetiswa ha tlhahisoleseding ho tswa ho pele ho neuron bobeli. Synapse ka likarolo tse tharo tsa lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo. Hape synapses ba sebakeng seo ho sona a ka cell methapo ea kutlo kena mabapi le litsoelesa fapaneng kapa mesifa ea 'mele.

Hore na ke eng ka synapse ho

Sebōpeho sa synapse o na le ea potoloho e bonolo. Ho Ho thehoa ea likotoana 3, nngwe le nngwe ya eo mesebetsi e itseng o ile a etsa nakong ea phetiso ya data. Ka tsela eo, tse kang mohaho ka 'na a bitsoa synapse a loketse bakeng sa phetiso ya methapo ea kutlo tšusumetso e tsoang ho. Ka ho toba ka tshebetso ya ho phetiso lesedi ama lisele tse peli tse khōlō: ho lemoha le hasang. boemelong ba presynaptic e fetisetsa qetellong ea lisele axon (mokhahlelo oa pele oa synapse le). Ho ka 'na ama sele ho qala ho neurotransmitters (lentsoe lena e na le meelelo' maloa: mediators mediators kapa neurotransmitters) - tse itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale dintho, oo ka oona pakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo 2 kenngwa tshebetsong phetiso ea pontšo ea motlakase.

Synaptic lefarung ke karolo e mahareng tsa synapses - ke nako pakeng tsa 2 a leka ho lisele tse methapo ea kutlo. Lekhalong lena le kena lisele tse ka fetisetsa e pulse length motlakase. Karolong e qetellang ea synapse le e nkoa e le amohela ea sele, e leng qetellong ea postsynaptic (sekhechana buisana lisele tse le receptors fapaneng nahanela ka sebopeho bona).

mediators synapse

Mokena-lipakeng (ho tloha Latin Media - fetisang, mokena-lipakeng kapa bohareng). mediators joalo synapse bohlokoa haholo ka phetiso ea tšusumetso e tsoang ho tšohile.

Morphological phapang ea synapses inhibitory le excitatory ke hore ba u se ke ua ba le ho lokolloa mochine oa neurotransmitter ena. Mokena-lipakeng ka synapses inhibitory, 'me tse ling metsamao ya mmele ya neuron inhibitory synapses e nkoa e le amino acid e glycine. Empa Brake kapa mofuta thabisang ea synapse e sa e behilweng ke mediators bona, 'me thepa ea lera postsynaptic. Mohlala, acetylcholine ho fana ka Stimulating phello e ka boemelong neuromuscular synapse (vagus methapo ka myocardium le).

Acetylcholine ke neurotransmitter ka cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (lera presynaptic e bapala qetellong ea lesapo la mokokotlo khoele dilenaneo neuron), ka synapse ka lisele tse Renshaw ka seemelong sa libese presynaptic, litsoelesa mofufutso, medulla nadpochenikov ka intestine le synapse ka ganglia tsa tsamaiso ea methapo le kutloelo-bohloko. Atsetilholi-nesterazu le acetylcholine hape fumanoang ho karoloana ea likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko, ka linako tse ling ka bongata, empa tse ling tse ho feta synapse cholinergic ka lisele tse Renshaw e-s'o khonne ho hlwaya setseng synapses cholinergic. Ho ea ka bo-rasaense, ba thabisang le mokena-lipakeng acetylcholine mosebetsi ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng ke ho ka etsahala haholo.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine le epinephrine) li nkoa mediators adrenergic. Epinephrine le norepinephrine ba tsa maiketsetso ka ho phethoa ea methapo ea kutlo le kutloelo-bohloko ka boko adrenal seleng, boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. -amino acid (tyrosine le L-phenylalanine) e le ntho qalang le tswakana adrenaline sehlahisoa ho qetela. Lipakeng ntho, e kenyeletsang norepinephrine le dopamine, hape ho phetha ho sebetsa ha neurotransmitters ka synapse le, a bōpa ka dipheletso tsa methapo ea kutlo le kutloelo-bohloko. mosebetsi ona ka 'na ba ka e Brake (mala secretory tšoelesa, sphincters' maloa le bronchial boreleli mesifa, 'me intestine) kapa excitatory (sphincters boreleli mesifa le methapo ea itseng ea mali, myocardial synapse - norepinephrine, ka kgolofalo nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

Ha ka ho feletseng mosebetsi oa bona oa neurotransmitters synapse, catecholamine ananelang presynaptic methapo ea kutlo 'me ho qetelloa, le ho tsamaisa transmembrane e kenyelelitsoe. Nakong mediators absorption synapses ba sireletswa ho depletion pele ho nako tse fetang tshebetso e telele le boreleli.

Synapse: mefuta mantlha le mesebetsi

Langley ka 1892, ho 'nile ha etsa tlhahiso ea hore synaptic phetiso ka ganglia autonomic ea liphoofolo tse anyesang hase mofuta motlakase, le lik'hemik'hale. Ka mor'a lilemo tse 10, Elliott e se e fumane hore adrenaline ho tswa ho litsoelesa adrenal fumaneha litla tšoana le tlhotlheletso ya methapo le kutloelo-bohloko.

Ka mor'a moo ka nahana hore adrenaline ea nang le bokhoni secreted ke methapo ea kutlo holim 'a nyakallo le lokolloa ka methapo ea kutlo' me ho qetelloa. Empa ka 1921, Levi entsoeng le phihlelo, e leng e thehilweng ka sebopeho sa phetiso lik'hemik'hale ka synapses har'a pelo ea vegetative le methapo vagus. O tletse lijana Frog pelo le letsoai le susumelletseha ho methapo ea kutlo vagus, ho bōpa e ho otla ha pelo butle. Ha mokelikeli e isoa ho tloha thibang cardiac tlhotlheletso nestimulirovanoe pelo e otla butle. Ka ho hlakileng, tlhotlheletso ya methapo ea kutlo vagus bakileng ho lokolloa retarding moemeli ka tharollo. Acetylcholine botlalo ikatisa liphello tsa ntho ena. Ka 1930, karolo e phethoang ke acetylcholine ka phetiso synaptic ka ganglia tsa tsamaiso ea methapo autonomic ruri hlomamisa Feldberg le lere la hae.

lik'hemik'hale synapse

The lik'hemik'hale synapse e feletseng fapaneng phetiso teneha ka thuso ea e le mokena-lipakeng ka presinapsa ka postsinaps. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le phapang e phetoho ea lik'hemik'hale synapse. The lik'hemik'hale synapse ke ho feta tloaelehileng vertebrate CNS. Hona joale e tsejoang e le neuron ke khona ho itšehla le synthesize para ea mediators (mediators lula haufi). Methapo ea kutlo le bona ba na neurotransmitter plasticity - le matla a ho fetola mokena-lipakeng ka sehloohong nakong ya ntshetsopele.

Neuromuscular synapse

synapse ena fetisetsa nyakallo, empa kamano ena e ka roba theoha sa tšoaneng lintlha. phetiso ea fella ka nakong ejection tsa thibela likepe ka synaptic lefarung acetylcholine, hape nakong botlamuoa ba hae ka ho feteletseng ba sebakeng seo ba lera postsynaptic. A plurality ya chefo le lithethefatsi ama nkhape, khumo eo e amana le acetylcholine receptors tsa lera postsynaptic, athe ho na le masakana mesifa synapse phetiso ya nyakallo. The phelang a hlokahala nakong bipetsana le emisa ho hema mesifa.

Botulism - likokoana-hloko tse toxin ka synapse, e ho na le masakana phetiso ea nyakallo, shattering ka presynaptic seemelong protheine syntaxin, ka ka lihlahisoa ka synaptic lefarung acetylcholine. 'Maloa ntoa chefo le' ngoe pharmacologic mahlahana (neostigmine methylsulfate le neostigmine), hammoho le bolaeang likokoanyana thibela conduction ba nyakallo ho synapse neuromuscular sebelisa inactivate acetylcholinesterase - e potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale hore roba fatše acetylcholine. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le ke bokella acetylcholine sebakeng synaptic lera decreases nahanela ho mokena-lipakeng ea, o entsoe ka lera la postsynaptic, qoelisoa ka cytosol receptor unit trust. Acetylcholine ke thuso, le synapse e thibetsoeng.

Synapse tšohile: ditshebetso le dikarolo

Synapse - e mabapi ikopanye le ntlha pakeng tsa lisele tse peli. Le e mong le ba bona ba itšetlehile ka lera lona electrogenic. Tšohile synapse na le metsoako mararo a ka sehloohong: ho postsynaptic lera, synaptic lefarung le lera presynaptic. Postsynaptic lera - e methapo ea kutlo 'me ho qetelloa, e fetela le ho mesifa le theolela ka dinama tse nyenyane tse mesifa. Sebakeng sa vesicles presynaptic e - e koetsoeng cavity le mokena-lipakeng ka. Ba kamehla ka tshisinyo.

Atamela ka lera ea dipheletso methapo ea kutlo, vesicles kopane le eona, le mokena-lipakeng oa oa ka lefarung synaptic. Ho e 'ngoe quantum neurotransmitter vesicle na mitochondria le (ba hlokahalang bakeng sa tswakana tsa neurotransmitter - sa mathomo eneji, le mohloding), acetylcholine ho eketsehileng e tsa maiketsetso tloha choline le tlas'a tšusumetso ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale atsetilholintransferrazy sebetswa ka atsetilSoA).

Synaptic lefarung har'a lera la post- le presynaptic

Ka fapaneng synapses boholo ba lekhalong fapana. sebaka sena e tletse mokelikeli interstitial, eo ho eona ho na le mokena-lipakeng. lera Postsynaptic koahela sebaka sa ho ikopanya le methapo ea kutlo 'me ho qetelloa ka innervated seleng ea mionevralnom synapse. Ka synapses itseng ka lera postsynaptic baka mene e se e eketsehile ho ikopanya le sebakeng seo.

dintho tse eketsehileng e ne e akarelletsa ho lera postsynaptic

Sebakeng sa lera postsynaptic na le metsoako e latelang:

- receptor (acetylcholine receptor ka mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (e na le ho tšoana le phahameng le acetylcholine). protheine ena e teng electrophilic qetellong le Ion hlooho. Hlooho kena ho lefarung synaptic, e sebelisana le hlooho cationic tsa acetylcholine. Ka lebaka la sebelisana ena ke phetoho e postsynaptic lera depolarization ebe le hlaha, 'me o ile a senola ka' nang itšetlehileng ka Na-metjha e. Depolarization tsa lera e sa nkoa e le tshebetso intša eketsa;

- Gradualen bokgoni ba yona ba ka lera postsynaptic itšetlehile ka palo ea mediators, e tšoauoa ka le monyetla oa thepa ea excitations moo.

- Cholinesterase - nkoa e le protheine e nang le enzymatic mosebetsi. Ho ea ka sebopeho sa e tšoanang le choline receptor le na le thepa ea tšoanang le acetylcholine. Cholinesterase roba fatše acetylcholine, pele e mong ea amanang le receptors cholinergic. Tlas'a bohato la receptor acetylcholine tlosa acetylcholine esterase thehoa repolarization tsa lera postsynaptic. Acetylcholine khomaretse choline le asiti acetic hlokahala hore mesifa dinama tse nyenyane tse trophism.

Le ho tsamaisa le utloahalang o bonahala ka presynaptic lera choline, e sebelisoa ho synthesize e neurotransmitter ncha. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea liphetoho tse neurotransmitter ka e lumellang metsi ho kena tsa lera postsynaptic, le cholinesterase nahanela le e lumellang metsi ho kena kgutlang ho boleng li qalile kae. Chemoreceptors ba khona ho kopana le mediators le lecha.