Selekane sa Paris 1856: maemo le khanselwa

Russia-English lefatše, Paris selekane kapa Selekane sa Paris ka 1856 - lebitso joalo ke tokomane eo ile a khaotsa ho ea Ntoa ea Crimea ea 1853-1856.

tumellano ena e ne e saenwa mmeedi tsa Paris Congress, e neng e ka molao o ile a bula ka 13 February. mosebetsi e amehang 'Muso oa Ottoman, Engelane, Sardinia, Prussia, Austria le Fora, ka lehlakoreng le leng,' me Russia - ka tse ling.

Nakong ea 1856-1871 biennium. Russia Empire loanela ho bo felisoe la lithibelo tlasa tumellano ena. muso ba ne ba sa rate 'nete ea hore moeling oa Leoatle le Letšo ntse bulehileng ho pula tšohanyetso. Ka mor'a lipuisano tse telele, ho hlakoloa fella la lihlooho tsa Selekane sa Paris, e leng ho phahamisa ea thibelo diteng tsa likepe ho Leoatle le Letšo, e ile ea etsahala ka lebaka la Convention ea London ka 1871,.

The Crimean ntoa

Holim 'a qetello oa mefuta eohle ea likamano tsa mebuso le tsa moruo pakeng tsa Russia le Turkey ka 1853, pele ho lula le magosana Danubian. 'Muso oa Turkish ne ke sa mamelle boikutlo bo joalo ho ka boeona' me 4 October selemong sona seo ho bolela ntoa. lebotho la Russia ea neng a khona ho sutumelletsa lebotho Turkish tloha mabōpong ea Danube, hammoho le ho nyahamisa tlhaselo bona ka South Caucasus. O ile a se entseng ho ba lireng ba leoatleng, e leng e lebile hokae ho kena ka ketso. Ka mor'a liketso tsa joalo ntoeng kena UK le Fora. Ba ka katleho feta har'a Leoatle le Letšo le pota-potiloe ke lebotho la sera. La 27 March, Engelane phatlalatsa ntoa ka Russia, letsatsi le hlahlamang ho joalo le Fora. Ka mor'a khoeli, ho Anglo-French lebotho la e leka ho naha haufi Odessa, pele a betsa lefelo la lithunya 350. Ea September 8, 1854, mabotho ana tšoanang senya Russia tlasa noka Alma 'me u lule ka Crimea. The thibelloa ha Sevastopol qala ka 17 October. masole dislocation sebaka baloa ho batho ba ka bang 30 tse sekete .; motse o ile a utloa bohloko ho tswa ho 5 bombings khōlō. Ka mor'a tlhōlo ea Fora, karolo e ka boroa ea Sevastopol Russia lebotho la tšireletsong. Ho pholletsa le ho thibelloa (matsatsi a 349) 'muso oa ka litsela tsohle leka ho lebisa sera, empa boiteko ba atleha. Sevastopol e laoloa ke mabotho a Anglo-French.

The Selekane ea Paris ka 1856, o ile a saena ka la 18 March qeta ho bohato sesole. O ile a bitsa ho lokolla ho Leoatle le Letšo (fetoha nke lehlakore), e fokotsehile ho likepe bonyane ba Russia. Ditshwanelo tšoanang behilweng ka Turkey. Ho phaella moo, 'Muso o Moholo hase molomong oa Danube, karolo ea Bessarabia, ba boholong ka Serbia, Wallachia le Moldavia.

Selekane sa Paris

Ka lebaka la ho etsa qeto e bohloko ea kgohlano Crimean Russia, ho e ba strangulated ka litokelo tsa bona le lintho tse amanang le. Ho makatsang ke hore meeli ea sebaka seo ba 'Muso hang ameha. O ile a fana ka ba bang lihlekehleke, magosana le molomong oa Danube, puseletso bakeng sa metse e kang Sevastopol, Kinburn le ba bang. downside feela e ne e le hore ho sephetho le khotso selekane tšimong ea ne se lika-liketse mabotho a Selekane. Ka ho fetisisa ka matla haholo, thuloa ke Russia hore Selekane sa Paris tsa 1856 li thibela thepa ea lona ka ho Leoatle le Letšo, sa lumelloa ho ba le likepe, pokello ea libetsa, liqhobosheane.

tumellano ameha tikoloho European sechaba, metheo ea neng a beha theoha a le Vienna treatises. Moeta-pele oa oohle oa Europe o ile a Paris, e neng e Petersburg abetsweng sebakeng bobeli.

Dipehelo tsa Molao wa Selekane ea Paris

Selekane sa Paris kenyelleditswe 34 e tlamang le 1 sehlooho se reng nakoana. Ba ka sehloohong ke maemo a latelang:

1. Lipakeng tsa linaha, kena likonteraka, hona joale ho na le khotso 'me botsoalle.
2. Territory hapa nakong ntoa, ba tla lokolloa ho beng ba pele.
3. Russia o lumela ho khutlela ho Kars le likarolong tse ling tsa linaha tsena Ottoman, eo hona joale a lula masole.
4. France le Brithani lumellana ho tsosolosa 'Muso oa hapa likoung le metse ea Sevastopol, Evpatoria le tse ling tse a hapa ke Anglo-French sesole.
5. Russia, Fora, Brithani le Sardinia lokela ho fana ka tshwarelano hao bakeng sa ba ka tsela leha e le efe 'nile ba le molato oa ho qhoma ha ntoa.
6. mekga All ikemisetsa ho hang-hang khutlela batšoaruoa ba ntoa.
7. The Selekane ea Paris ka 1856 se go gapeletsa naha ho saena tokomane e ho thusa entseng selekane le tabeng ea tlhaselo sera; hloko boloka maemo a, ka ntle ho roba bona.
8. Haeba pakeng tsa e 'ngoe ea linaha tsa hore ba fihletse qeto ea treatise, ho na le ho se lumellane kapa lumellane, ba bang ha ba sebelise lebotho la ho rarolla e, a etsa ho ka khoneha ho lokisa tsohle ka khotso.
9. Le ea mong oa babusi ba ne ba sa kena-kenana ka leano tse ruuoang le tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa puso ea boahelani.
10. Monyako ho Bosporus le Dardanelles ntse koetsoeng.
11. Black Sea fetoha nke lehlakore; e thibetsoe ho ba le likepe.
12. Lumelloa ho Trade ka mabōpong a Leoatle le Letšo, eo e ka tlasa feela ho ba boholong tshwaneleha.
13. Na le pokellong ea ka Leoatleng le Letšo e thibetsoe.
14. palo ea likepe 'me mabotho a ikemiselitse ho latela konteraka le ke ke ea feta.
15. mesebetsi ea felisoa ka tsamaya ka Danube.
16. Amohelehang sehlopha li tla hlokomela ho hloekisa ea libanka le nōka 'me joalo-joalo.
17. mosebetsi oa lokela ho ka nako eo kha melawana ya tsamaya le lipalangoang tsa thepa, tlosa sitisang hore ho be le botsoalle paterole sebaka leoatle.
18. Khomishene e lebōpong la leoatle le tla fuoa matla a ho hlokahala hore ho mosebetsi eo ho o itlama ho e phethisa, o ile oa phethoa bofelong ba lilemo tse 2.
19. E mong le e naheng e lumelloa ho ba le 2 khanya sejana mabōpong ea Danube.
20. Russia leliboho haufi Bessarabia ile a khaotsa ho tsamaya bonolo ka Danube.
21. Tseo libakeng tse tla lokolla Russia Empire, e tla khomaretse Moldova.
22. Ha ho ea nang le tokelo ea ho kena-kenana ka hare lipolotiking valahskogo le principality Moldavia.
23. 'Muso oa Ottoman o tlamehile ho se kena-kenane ka lipolotiking tsa Selekane dinaheng, a siea ba le tokelo ea ho ho intša puso e; siea bolokolohi ba feletseng ba ho ikhethela bolumeli, ba khoebo, tsamaya le ho etsa melao kakaretso.

Hlakola ea Selekane sa Paris

Ka mor'a ho amohelwa oa Russia lefatše Russia-English ile a leka ho fokotsa lithibelo, ka tsela eo Boela Leoatle le Letšo le monyetla oa ho ba le likepe. Ke ka lebaka leo ka nako ena tlokomang likamano mebuso. Nakong ea 1856-1871 biennium. Empire qetellong ho fihlela ba le kamano e kenya chelete e ngata le France: a rerile ho fumana thuso ho tswa ho Russia ho kgohlano Austro-French, 'me ea bobeli e ile bala ka tšusumetso ea Fora ka potso e Bochabela.

Sebokeng Paris, e leng e ile ea nka ho fihlela ka1863, e ne e le tsa makhaola-khang tsa likamano tsa Serussia-French. Naheng ne ba thologela haholo le mmoho rarolla tse ling tse tsekoang. March 1859 ho ne ho le bohlokoa bakeng sa ho Fora, ka lebaka la tumellano lekunutu ile saennoe, ho ea ka eo ka eona tabeng ea ntoa le Austria Empire tšepisa hore ba lule ba sa nke lehlakore. Senyeha tsa likamano tsa hlokomela nakong ea merusu Poland. Ka lebaka la liketso tsena Russia theha likamano le Prussia.

Ka mor'a hore tiisetso ea ka Sejeremane Muso ka 1872 Berlin phetha moamoheli ho 3 baemphera. Convention qala, e leng nakong eo le oona o kopanela Austria. Ho ea ka Berlin Selekane, li ile tsa amohela ka nako ena, ho bo felisoe tsa lihlooho tsa Paris selekane khotso fetoha bakeng sa Russia le nako taba. O ile a regains likepe ka Leoatleng le Letšo le libakeng tse lahlehileng.