Sebopeho le mosebetsi oa semanolli bonwang. lekala ea pono

Ho sebelisana le linaha tse ling, motho o lokela ho amohela le ho sekaseka tlhahisoleseding ho tswa tikoloho kantle. Ena qetellong, sebopeho le fa hae le hlaphohetsoe likelellong. Tšeletseng ba bona: mahlo, litsebe, puo ea, nko, letlalo, 'me e ka didirisiwa skeletal. Ka tsela eo, motho a ka e bopa ya setšoantšo sa tsohle tse pota-potileng le eena 'me a ipaka ka bona ka lebaka la bonwang, utluwang, olfactory, tactile, gustatory le sensations kinesthetic.

E ka hang ho beha lebaka la hore ba bang ba le kutloisiso ea lekala ke habohlokoa le ho feta ho feta tse ling. Ba tlatsana mong ho e mong, ho bōpa e setšoantšong e feletseng ea lefatše. Empa ke eng seo ka ho fetisisa boitsebiso bohle - ho fihlela ho 90%! - batho ba lemoha ho sebelisa leihlo la - e ke 'nete. Ho utloisisa kamoo boitsebiso boo kena bokong, 'me kamoo ke and analysis lona, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho nahana ka sebopeho le mosebetsi oa semanolli bonwang.

Features ya semanolli bonwang

Ka lebaka la maikutlo a ditshwantsho tse re ithutang sona ka boholo, sebopeho, colouring, tokisetso ea bobeli ea lintho ea lefatše, mokhatlo oa bona kapa immobility. Ena ke le le raraaneng le-mohato selotlolo tshebetso. Sebopeho le mosebetsi oa semanolli bonwang - tsamaiso e khopo ho phethahatsa le rasiti le ho e lokisa ya tlhahisoleseding bonwang, ka tsela eo ho fana ka Pono - rarahaneng haholo. Qalong, ho ka etsahala ho abelwang karolo ya ea pheriferale (a bozongisela input ya data), le ho sekaseka karolo e itseng ea conductive. Ho fumana tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le etsoa ke tsamaiso receptor le akarelletsang leihlo le tsamaiso ea ba thusang, 'me ka ho eketsehileng e romeloa ka tsela ea methapo ea kutlo optic ho litsi loketseng bokong, moo e sebetswa le litšoantšo tse bonwang ba thehoa. All mafapha a semanolli bonwang tla tšohloa sehloohong se.

Joang leihlo. Lera le ka ntle la leihlo la ka

mahlo a di behuwe ka bobedi makala. E mong le e leihlo la tšoana le hanyenyane pantshisi-tse bolo sebopeho le e entsoe ka le dikarolo 'maloa: le ka ntle, bohareng le ka hare sebaka se potolohileng mokelikeli-mokoti o tletseng metsi tsa leihlo.

Le ka ntle shell a - le teteaneng fibrous komiki e bolokang sebopeho sa leihlo le ho sireletsa dibopeho tsa lona ka hare. Ho phaella moo, ho etsoa tse tsheletseng lokisa dilenaneo mesifa ea leihlo la ka. Khetla ntle le bopilwe ka sebeletsang pepeneneng pele karolo - cornea le ka morao, opaque - sclera.

The cornea ke leihlo refractive mecha ea phatlalatso, e khonvekse, o na le lebaka la lense le e, le eena, e entsoe ka le dikarolo tse 'maloa. Ha ho na le methapo ea mali, empa ho na le ba bangata ba methapo ea kutlo e qetellong. Type genus tšoeu kapa sclera, bonahalang karolo eo hangata e bitswang mahlo protheine thehoa ho tswa dinama tse nyenyane tse connective. Ho eena 'me mesifa e khomaretse, ho fana ka leihlo fellang kateng.

Bohareng lera la leihlo la ka

Karolelano ea choroid ho akarelletsa dithulaganyo tshilong ya dijo, ho fana ka phepo e nepahetseng leihlo le a khaotsa ho tsuba ba lihlahisoa tshilong ya dijo. Pele, karolong e sa hlokomeleheng ho eona - ho Iris. Pigmented ntho ka iris e, kapa ho ena, palo ea eona e ikemiselitse bomong Hue leihlong la motho ho tswa ho e putsoa, haeba ho ke ke ha ho lekaneng ho e Hazel, haeba lekana. Ha pigment ke le sieo, e le se etsahala ka albinism, hoa hlaka vascular akira theo gun, le iris e fetoha e khubelu.

Iris e teng feela ka mor'a cornea e, motheo oa lona ke mesifa ena. Thaka - ho potoloha lesoba tsepamisitse iris e - ka lebaka la mesifa tsena o laola ho kenella ka hare tsa leseli leihlo dilates nakong khanya tlaase le tapering ka haholo e khanyang. Ke tsoela pele ho ea iris e ciliary (ciliary) 'mele. Ho sebetsa ha karolo ena ea semanolli ho bona ke ho hlahisa mokelikeli hore nourishes leihlo mafapha tseo hore na lijana tsa bona. Ho feta moo, 'mele oa ciliary na le tšusumetso e tobileng ka botenya ba lense ka ligaments khethehileng.

The kamorao karolo ea leihlo ka lera bohareng ke choroid, kapa sebele vascular leihlo khetla hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng ea methapo ea mali ea bophara ba fapaneng.

ho retina

Hare, ka thinnest lera, - ya ho retina kapa ho retina Ho thehoa ke lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo. Ho na le ke maikutlo a ka ho toba ea tlhatlhobisisa mathomo le lesedi bonwang. Karolong e ka morao ea retina e na le photoreceptor khethehileng bitsoa dikhouno (ya 7 MN) le melamu (130 MN). Ho ba ba nang le boikarabelo bakeng sa maikutlo a lintho leihlo.

Dikhouno ba na le boikarabelo ho amohela 'mala le ho fana ka Pono bohareng lumella u ho bona lintlha tse ntle. Lithupa, ho ba e mamelang ka tsela, fa motho monyetla oa ho bona ka mebala e ba batsho le ba tšoeu ka maemo a tlaase leseli, 'me ba na le boikarabelo Pono pheriferale. dikhouno fetisisa ba concentrated ho thoeng bosehla letheba ka pel'a thaka ea, hanyenyane ka holimo ho monyako oa methapo ea kutlo optic. sebakeng sena ke palo e kahodimodimo bonwang acuity. The ho retina, hammoho le likarolong tsohle tsa semanolli bonwang, sebopeho le ke ho se bonolo - ka sebopeho lona abelwang karolo ya le dikarolo 10.

Sebōpeho sa leihlo cavity

Ocular konokono na le lense, 'me likamore vitreous tletse mokelikeli. Ho bonahala eka ka lense khonvekse ka mahlakoreng a mabeli a lense e bonaletsang. O na le lijana ha ho na mali kapa dipheletso methapo ea kutlo 'me e sa emisitswe ho tswa Spikes-potolohileng ciliary mele, mesifa e fetola kotlobane lona. Bokhoni bona bo bitsoa tsa bodulo le thusa leihlo ho tsepamisa maikutlo haufi kapa ho fapana le hoo, bafo hōle.

Ka mor'a lense, ho mamela tlhokeng le ka ho eketsehileng le holim lohle la retina, o ile a lokisetsa vitreous. Sena ke ka ho hlaka gelatinous boleng ba sebele hore tletseng ho fetisisa ya bophahamo ba modumo ea lekala ea pono. Sebopeho sena gelatinous boima 98% - metsi. Morero oa bukana ena - jereng khanya mahlaseli matšeliso intraocular khatello ea liphetoho, le tšehetse ba tiisetso ya sebopeho sa leihlo la ka.

Anterior kamoreng potapotoeng cornea le iris e. Ho e amana ke thaka le tsesaane morao kamoreng, extending ho tswa iris e ho lense. Bobeli cavity intraocular tletse mokelikeli, e leng o potoloha ka bolokolohi pakeng tsa bona.

refraction la leseli

bonwang semanolli oona tsamaisong e joalo hore qalong mahlaseli khanya di refracted 'me e tsepame ke cornea le fete iris e ho kamoreng e anterior. Ka bohareng thaka karolo ea leseling oela lense, moo ho nepahetseng haholoanyane ho lebisa tlhokomelo, 'me joale ka' mele oa vitreous - retina. E thulametse ka ho retina ea ka taba ena setšoantšo ka fokotswa le ho feta moo, e inverted foromo le matla la khanya mahlaseli photoreceptors fetoloa litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo. Tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le ka methapo ea kutlo optic kena bokong. Beha ka retina, eo ka eona le methapo ea kutlo optic, ke bosula le bo sa photoreceptors, kahoo e bitsoang foufetseng letheba.

Lokomocja lekala ea pono

Leihlo hore ba arabele ka nako e loketseng ho ho susumetsa ba bang, ba lokela ho ba le selefouno. Nakong ea motsamao oa sethusathuto le bonwang kopana lipara tse tharo tsa mesifa leihlo: lipara tse peli ya otlolohileng le oblique ngoe. mesifa ea tsena ke ka etsahala hore ebe ka ho fetisisa phahameng-lebelo ka 'mele oa motho. Laolang motsamao oa la leihlo la oculomotor methapo ea kutlo. O kopanya le tsamaiso ea methapo ea tse 'nè tsa mesifa leihlo ka likhoeli tse tseletseng ka ho fana ka bona ka mosebetsi oa lekaneng le mekhatlo hokahangoa ea mahlo. Ha oculomotor methapo ea kutlo, ka lebaka leha e le efe, o khaotsa ho sebetsa hantle, e bontšoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ya le matšoao: strabismus, ptosis lekholong la lilemo la, lintho habeli, mydriasis, mafu accommodation, leihlo protrusion.

Tsamaiso ea sireletsang leihlo

Ho tsoela pele e le sehlooho sa buka ena, e le mohaho o le mosebetsi oa semanolli bonwang, re sa re letho litsamaiso tse sireletsang eona. leihlo le leng hona teng ka cavity lesapo - the orbit, ka makala-ba 'me le monya cushion ea mafura, moo e sireletsehile sireletswa ho tshusumetso ya.

Ho feta moo ba orbit, ka e le 'mele a ho sireletsa tsa sethusathuto e akarelletsa e ka holimo ka tlaase le e dintshi le eyelashes ena. Ba sireletsa mahlo a tsoang kantle ho lintho tse sa tšoaneng. Ho phaella moo, dintshi thusa kabo junifomo fetela ho leihlo eohle mokelikeli nakong roba ba tlosoa tloha likaroloana cornea motsotso ka lerōle. Lintši, haholo, ho isa bohōleng bo itseng na mosebetsi le sireletsang, ho sireletsa mahlo a hao ho tswa ho phalla ho tloha phatleng ea hae le mofufutso.

K'honeng ka holimo le ka ntle la leihlo soketeng teng litsoelesa lacrimal. lekunutu la tsona ho sireletsa, nourishes le moisturizes le cornea, le boetse o na le sebolaya ditwatsi khato. Feteletseng mokelikeli ka meokho eohle difapho monya metsi ka nasal cavity.

Ho tswela pele le qeta lesedi

Mokhanni arohane semanolli na le para ea methapo optic hore ea tsoelang ka ntle sockets bona ka cavity cranial 'me e akarelletsa le metjha e khethehileng, eaba ba etsa ka ho eketsehileng karolo tšela kapa chiasma. Images ho tswa ho ya ntango (ntle) e le karolo ea retina lule lehlakoreng tšoanang empa ka seqha le ka hare - tšela le a tšoaetsanoang ka ho lehlakoreng le leng ea boko. Phello ke hore le tokelo bonwang tšimo e sebetswa ka ea Lefatše le letšehali le le letšehali - le letona. lepelela Sena ke ho hlokahala hore ho thehoe ka bophahamo ba modumo ea setšoantšo bonwang.

Ka mor'a ho tšela ho fetela ho lefapha la methapo mokhanni o tsoela pele ho pampitšana optic. lesedi Visual kena ka karolo ea cortex bokong ea boko, e leng boikarabelo ba ho sebetsana le yona. libaka e joalo e teng sebakeng occipital. Ho na le fihla e ho sokoloha ho qetela tsa lesedi amohetse ka boikutlo bonwang. Ena ke karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ea semanolli bonwang.

Kahoo, sebopeho le mosebetsi oa semanolli ho bona ke jwalo hore itlhokomoloso ka efe kapa efe ya likarolo tsa lona, ebang ba lemoha tso'ara kapa libaka sekaseka, ho kenyelletsa ho hloleha mosebetsi oa hae ka kakaretso. Ho tenyetseha haholo, tšesaane le e phethahetseng tsamaiso.

Ditlolo tsa semanolli bonwang - congenital kapa fumana - le eena, a etsang hore mathata a bohlokoa ho utloisisa 'nete le bokooa.