Protein: sebopeho le mosebetsi. thepa ea liprotheine

E le o tsejoa, liprotheine - motheong oa qaleho ea bophelo lefatšeng. Ho ea ka khopolo ea ho Oparin-Haldane ne coacervate lerotholi, e bopilweng ka limolek'hule tsa peptides, e fetohile motheong oa qaleho ea lintho tse phelang. Sena ke ha ho pelaelo hore ka lebaka la ho hlahloba sebopeho hare tsa setho sefe kapa sefe ba biomass ea bontša hore dintho tsena na sohle: limela, liphoofolo, microorganisms, li-fungus, likokoana-hloko. Le ba tse fapa-fapaneng haholo ka tlhaho 'me macromolecular.

Mabitso a dibopeho tsena tse 'nè, ba tšoana:

• liprotheine;
• liprotheine;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

limolek'hule protheine

palo ea bona e le kannete incalculable. Tabeng ena, kaofela ha limolek'hule le protheine ka arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse ka sehloohong:

• Simple - bopilwe feela ya tatellanong amino acid e ikopanya le ka litlamo peptide;
• rarahaneng - Sebopeho le sebōpeho sa protheine le ba tšoauoa ka e eketsehileng protolytic lihlopha (prosthetic), eo hape e bitsoang cofactors.

Tabeng ena, ea limolek'hule tse rarahaneng le bona ba na tlhophiso ea bona.

Gradation peptides rarahaneng

1. Glycoproteins - ba amana haufi le protheine le k'habohaedreite metsoako. Sebōpeho sa molek'hule e lohiloeng lihlopha prosthetic mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - e rarahaneng komponeng ea protheine le lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - ka e le sehlopha prosthetic ke ions tšepe (tšepe, a mankanese a, koporo, 'me batho ba bang).
4. Nucleoproteins - Feedback protheine le acid nucleic (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation tsa protheine e le masalla ea acid e phosphoric.
6. Chromoproteids - tšoana haholo le metalloproteins, empa e elements hore ke karolo ea sehlopha se prosthetic ke 'mala o rarahaneng (khubelu - haemoglobin, tala - chlorophyll, joalo-joalo).

Sehlopha ka seng se tšohloa sebopeho le thepa ea liprotheine tse fapaneng. Mesebetsi eo ba e phetha, 'me o tla fapana ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa molek'hule.

Sebopeho lik'hemik'hale liprotheine

Ho ea ka pono ena liprotheine - nako e telele, a maholohali a letoto la litlhaka kahare amino acid e ya kokangana litlamo itseng bitsoa peptide. From lehlakoreng dibopeho acid tloha ea lekala - radicals. Sebopeho sena sa molek'hule ho ile ha sibolloa ke E. Fischer qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la XXI.

Hamorao, lihaha-'mele, sebopeho le mosebetsi wa liprotheine di ithutile ka hloko. Ho ile ha hlaka hore amino acid molao, peptide sebopeho, e leng kakaretso ea lilemo li 20, empa ha li ka tsela eo ho kopanngoa ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng. Kahoo ho se tšoane mehaho polypeptide. Ho phaella moo, ka ho tshebetso ya ho bophelo le tshebetso ya mesebetsi lona liprotheine kgona ho feta letoto la lengths lik'hemik'hale. Ka lebaka leo, ba ile ba fetola mohaho, 'me ho na le haholo ka mofuta o mocha oa mabapi.

Ho senya peptide tlamo e, ke hore,, senya protheine sebōpeho sa liketane tlameha ho khetha maemo a thata haholo (thempereichara e phahameng, acid e kapa alkaline sethothetsi). Sena ke ka lebaka la matla a phahameng ea litlamo covalent ka molek'hule, e leng, ka sehlopha peptide.

Phumano ya sebopeho protheine ka laboratoring e phethahatsoa sebedisa biuret karabelong - phello polypeptide qetang tseko hydroxide, koporo (II). E rarahaneng ea peptide sehlopha le koporo ions e fana ka e khanyang 'mala bopherese.

Ho na le tse 'nè tsa motheo mehaho mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa, e mong le e ba tse nang le litšobotsi tse ba lona ba sebopeho liprotheine.

Maemo ea mokhatlo: sebopeho sa mathomo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, peptide - le tatelano ea litlhaka kahare amino acid e le inclusions, sebedisana enzyme, kapa ba se na tsona. Kahoo bitsa ena sebopeho e ka sehloohong ea molek'hule, e leng ntho e tloaelehileng, ho hlakile, ke ea 'nete amino acid ile ka litlamo peptide,' me ha ho letho le e mong. Ke hore, polypeptide guttate sebopeho. Ka sebopeho sena ho khetheha ea liprotheine ea mofuta ona e - ka hore motswako ena ea acid ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho tshebetso ya mesebetsi ya protheine molek'hule. Thanks ho makgetheng tsena ke khoneha, e seng feela ho khetholla peptide empa hape ho noha thepa le karolo ea e ncha ka ho feletseng, e le leha ho le joalo undiscovered. Mehlala ea peptides le tsa tlhaho Sebopeho sa mathomo, - ka insulin, pepsin, chymotrypsin, 'me ba bang.

conformation mahareng

Sebopeho le thepa ea liprotheine ka sehlopha sena fapana batla. Joalo sebopeho sa ka etsoa qalong ka tlhaho kapa ha tlas'a hydrolysis mathomo sa tenyetseheng, mocheso kapa maemo a mang.

conformation ena e na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse tharo:

1. Boreleli, kamehla, stereoregular makhetlo hahoa tloha litlhaka kahare ho amino acid e hore ba sothile ho pota ea mantlha mabapi a selekane. e neng e tšoaretsoe feela hammoho ka litlamo hydrogen etsahala pakeng tsa sehlopha oksijene ya peptide mong le hydrogen tse ling. Moo sebopeho sa e nepahetse e loketseng ha e le hantle hore ho ba chenchana ka evenly pheta mong le e mong boemong ba 4. Sebopeho sa joalo ka ba ka bobeli le letšehali khahlapetsang le pravozakruchennoy. Empa ka ho fetisisa e tsejoang liprotheine dextrorotatory predominates isomer. conformation joalo e bitsoa, alpha-dibopeho.
2. Ea ho hlophisoa le sebōpeho sa e latelang mofuta protheine e fapana ho tloha ho e fetileng ka hore litlamo hydrogen ha thehoa pakeng lehlakoreng emeng haufi-morao ka lehlakoreng le leng ba setseng molek'hule le pakeng tsa haholo tlosoa, ao ho 'ona le hōle ka ho lekaneng khōlō. Ka lebaka lena, le sebopeho kaofela fetoha feta maqhubu, convoluted liketane Noha polypeptide. Ho na le tšobotsi e 'ngoe e lokela ho ba protheine. Sebopeho sa amino acid ea makala e lokela ho ba e le lekgutshwanyane le ea glycine kapa alanine, ho etsa mohlala. mofuta ona wa conformation mahareng o bitsoa beta-maqephe bakeng sa matla a bona a ho khomarela hammoho ha ho thehoe sebōpeho ka kakaretso.
3. Bao e leng ea boraro sebopeho mofuta protheine ka baeloji ea bolela rarahaneng raznorazbrosannye, likhechana unordered ba se nang stereoregularity le kgona ho fetoloa sebopeho sa le tlas'a tšusumetso ea maemo a ka ntle.

Mehlala ea liprotheine le sebopeho se mahareng ka tlhaho, e sa senoloa.

thuto e phahameng

Ena ke conformation toka rarahaneng, ho ba le lebitso "globule". ke eng protheine? Sebōpeho sa e thehiloe sebopehong se mahareng, empa a phaella ka mefuta e mecha ea dirisana pakeng tsa liathomo tsa lihlopha, le molek'hule kaofela lemenong joaloka, tataisoang joalo, 'nete ea hore lihlopha hydrophilic di tsamaisoa ka globules le hydrophobic - tsoa.

Sena se hlalosa taolong ea protheine molek'hule ditharollo metsi colloidal. ke eng mefuta ditshebeditsano ba moo?

1. Haedrojene litlamo - dula sa fetohe pakeng tsa likarolo tse e tšoanang e le ka sebopeho sa se mahareng.
2. The hydrophobic (hydrophilic) sebelisana - hlaha ha qhalwa ho ya ka polypeptide metsi.
3. Ionic khahloa - raznozaryazhennymi thehoa pakeng tsa litlhaka kahare amino acid e (tse khōlō) lihlopha.
4. Covalent ditshebeditsano - ka thehoa pakeng tsa itseng asiti libaka - limolek'hule cysteine, kapa ho ena, le mehatla e bona.

Kahoo, sebopeho le sebopeho liprotheine ho ba le sebopeho sa e phahameng ka hlalosoa e le phuthoa ka liketane globules polypeptide, kobomba misala mpona le botsitso conformation lona ka lebaka la ho bua ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea ditshebeditsano lik'hemik'hale. Mehlala ea peptides joalo: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, alpha keratin, silika protheine, 'me ba bang.

Sebopeho quaternary

Sena ke e mong oa e thata ka ho fetisisa tsa globules, e leng theha liprotheine. Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa liprotheine tsa moralo joalo ke tenyetseha haholo le e tobileng.

ke eng conformation ee? Ke tse seng kae (ka linako tse ling tse ngata) tsa liketane tse khōlō le tse nyenyane polypeptide, tse thehoa ntle ho e mong le e tse ling. Empa ka nako eo, ka lebaka la ho sebelisana e tšoanang le eo re buileng ka bakeng sa sebopeho sa e phahameng ea peptides tsena li sothile le lohellana. Ka tsela eo o ile a fumana e rarahaneng globules conformational hore a ka ba le tšepe liathomo, 'me lihlopha tsa lipid, le k'habohaedreite. Mehlala ea liprotheine tse joalo: DNA polymerase, koae kokoana-hloko enfelopo protheine, haemoglobin, 'me ba bang.

dibopeho All peptide re buisaneng ka tsona na mekhoa ea bona ea boitsebiso ka laboratoring, e thehiloeng menyetla jwale ya ho sebedisa chromatography, centrifugation, elektrone le microscopy Optical le theknoloji e phahameng k'homphieutha.

mesebetsi

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa liprotheine e haufi-ufi correlated le mong ho e mong. Ke hore, e mong le e peptide o phetha karolo e ikhethang le tse tobileng. Ho na le boetse ho na le ba ileng ba khona ho phetha ka seleng e phelang, ditransekshene 'maloa tsa bohlokoa. Empa e ka akaretsoa ka hore a ntše maikutlo mesebetsi motheo ea limolek'hule le protheine ka litopo tsa libōpuoa tse phelang tse:

1. Ho Fana ka sephethephethe. tse phelang e nang le sele kapa organelles, kapa mefuta e itseng ea lisele tse khonang ho tsamaea, fokotsa ho, mekhatlo. protheine ena e fana ka, eaba ba etsa karolo ea sebopeho sa ea bona ea sethusathuto enjene: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic lera. Ha re bua ka ho hlōleha ho displacement ea lisele, e liprotheine ka 'na kenya letsoho hore ho le phokotso ea bona (myosin mesifa).
2. Phepo e nepahetseng kapa bekapo mosebetsi. Ke bokella limolek'hule protheine ka oocytes, embryos le dipeo dimela bakeng sa ka ho eketsehileng rarollela sieo limatlafatsi. Holim 'a bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa peptides ho hlahisa-amino acid le dintho biologically mafolofolo, tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ntshetsopele tloaelehileng ea lintho tse phelang.
3. Matla a mosebetsi. Ntle le lik'habohaedreite qobella 'mele e ka hlahisa le liprotheine. Ka bola of 1 g ya peptide lokolloa 17,6 KJ eneji, le e molemo ka mokgwa wa adenosine diphosphate (ATP), e leng e ile a qeta ka dithulaganyo tsa bohlokoa.
4. Signal le mosebetsi taolo. Ho e na le ho phetha go baya leitlho hloko dithulaganyo tsoelang pele le phetiso ea ka matshwao a medumo seleng ho dinama tse nyenyane tse, ho bona ho ba boholong, ho tloha morao-rao ho tsamaiso ea joalo-joalo. A mohlala tloaelehileng e ka insulin, e leng e ka tieo tlaleha palo ea tsoekere mali.
5. Receptor mosebetsi. E finyelloa ka ho fetola conformation tsa peptide ka lehlakoreng le leng la lera le ho kopanela le pheletsong e 'ngoe ea tsosoloso. Ha sena se etsahala le pontšo phetiso le boitsebiso bo hlokahalang. Fetisisa liprotheine tsena di aa ageletsweng ka lera cytoplasmic ea lisele le ho phetha e taolo e thata holim 'a tsohle tsa lintho tse bonahalang e ntse e feta meetly. Hape hlokomelisa o ho lik'hemik'hale 'meleng le ho fetoha ha tikoloho.
6. Ho tsamaisa mosebetsi wa peptides ena. E phethahatsoa fepa liprotheine le liprotheine transporter. karolo ea bona e hlakile - tsamaisa limolek'hule tse lakatsehang ho libaka le ea mahloriso e tlaase ea likarolo tse phahameng. A mohlala tloaelehileng ke ho tsamaisa oksijene le carbon dioxide ho tloha litho tsa ka hare le dinama tse nyenyane tsa protheine hemoglobin. Ba boetse ba finyelloa ka phumantsho ya metsoako ka boima ba 'mele tlaase limolek'hule ka lera le ka seleng.
7. Sebopeho mosebetsi. E mong oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ba hore o etsa protheine. Sebōpeho sa lisele le organelles bona fanoe peptides. Ba tšoana le foreimi e ka hlalosa sebopeho le sebopeho. Ho phaella moo, ba boetse ba tšehetsa, le ho fetoloa ha ho hlokeha. Ka hona, le bakeng sa kgolo le ntshetsopele ya phelang tsohle tse phelang liprotheine bohlokoa seratsoana sa. peptides tseo li akarelletsa elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, le keratin tse ling.
8. Mosebetsi catalytic. Mo phetha enzyme. Tse ngata le tse sa tšoaneng, ba ile ba potlakisa ho liphetoho tsohle tsa lik'hemik'hale le skeletal 'meleng. Ntle le ho nka karolo ea bona, ba tloaelehileng apole ka mpeng ea tla khona ho silehe feela matsatsi a mabeli, ho ka etsahala hore a khopamise ka nako e tšoanang. Tlas'a bohato la catalase, peroxidase le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tse ling, tshebetso ena e nka sebaka ka mor'a lihora tse peli. Ka kakaretso, ho ke ke ka lebaka la karolo ea sena, protheine anabolism le catabolism e atlehe, ke hore, ka polasetiki 'me eneji, le metabolism.

Karolo e phethoang sireletsang

Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea litšokelo, ho tloha eo liprotheine li etselitsoe ho sireletsa' mele.

Pele, lik'hemik'hale tlhaselo sithabetsang reagents, likhase, limolek'hule, dintho fapaneng a manyenyane ea nkang khato. Peptides khona ho kopanela le bona ba ikutloa ka tsela lik'hemik'hale, ho fetola hore e be mofuta o kotsi kapa e le feela neutralizing.

Ea bobeli, ho sokeloa 'meleng ho tloha leqeba leo a - ha le protheine fibrinogen ka nako e sa fetoloa fibrin sebakeng seo ea bobe, mali ha curdle,' me ka hona blockage tla etsahala. Ka mor'a moo, ho fapana le hoo, ho hloka plasmin peptide ea nang le bokhoni antseng clot 'me a tsosolosa patency sejana sa.

Thirdly, tšokelo ea sireletsehile maloetseng ana. Sebopeho le boleng ba liprotheine eo theha tšireletso ba mmele, e leng tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Lisireletsi, immunoglobulins, interferons - ke likarolo tsohle bohlokoa le bohlokoa ba lymphatic le tsamaiso ea 'mele. Leha e le likaroloana tsoang linaheng tse ling, molek'hule kotsi, lisele tse shoeleng kapa e le karolo ea sebopeho kaofela e tlas'a batlisisoa hang-hang ke peptide komponeng. Ke ka lebaka leo motho a ka le tsona, ntle le ka thuso ea lithethefatsi letsatsi le letsatsi ho itšireletsa tšoaetsong le likokoana-hloko tse bonolo.

thepa 'meleng

Sebōpeho sa lisele tse le protheine e itseng haholo le itšetlehile ka mosebetsi wa. Empa thepa meleng peptides tse tšoanang le ka fokotsoa hore litšobotsi tse latelang.

1. Weight limolek'hule - ho 1000000 Daltons.
2. Ka tharollo ea metsi theha tsamaiso e khopo colloidal. Ho na le mohaho o e bapala lefisa ea nang le bokhoni ea fapana ho itšetlehile ka acidity ea mahareng ka.
3. Ha o ile a pepesa ho maemo a thata (mahlaseli, acid e kapa a alkali, mocheso, joalo-joalo) ba khona ho fallela ho maemo a mang conformations, i.e. denature. Tsela ka 90% ea linyeoe etsolloa. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le battlefield khutlisetsang - renaturation.

Ena thepa tsa motheo tsa litšobotsi tse 'meleng oa peptides ena.