Profinseng le seo tshebetso ya sebopeho sa liprofinseng ke eng?

Hona joale, batho ba 'maloa haholo ba ka re o profinseng ena ho tloha karoganyo ea naha e atlehe ka tsela e fapaneng. ketsahalo ena e bua ka linako tsa Serussia Muso o Moholo, USSR le RSFSR.

Liprofensi tse nkoa diyuniti phahameng ka ho fetisisa la tsamaiso le karoganyo tsa mmuso. Ba ile ba o ile a ntša ho tloha 1708 ho 1929 ka lebaka la kaho ea puso absolutist. diyuniti tsena paballo ya naha ba eteletsoeng pele ke babusisi.

tlhaloso ea lentsoe la

E le ho araba potso ea hore na o profinseng ea, re retelehela ho etymology ba lentsoe. Poleloana e reng "o profinseng" le tsoa lentsoe Latin "GuBeRnAtoR", e bolelang " 'musi." Mashome a mabeli-ea borobong December 1708 ke Peter e Moholo o ile a ntša molao-taelo ka karohano ea 'muso e ka diyuniti tse ncha tsa tsamaiso - liprofinseng. Ho fihlela selemong sena, e Russia Muso e le oa counties 166. Kahoo, e-ea liprofinseng 8 ho ile ha thehoa.

Re se re hlalositse ka holimo, ke eng e etsang lentsoe "o profinseng". Ka mor'a moo, re nahana ka potso ea histori ea ho hlaha ha e ncha ea sebaka-la tsamaiso diyuniti ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

The liphetoho pele ea Petrose

Bopa liprofinseng ileng sa etsahala ho latela molao-taelo oa moemphera. Qalong mola-up e ne e ka tsela e latelang:

1. Moscow o profinseng: tšimong ea sebakeng Moscow kajeno, likarolo tse khōlō tsa Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo le Ryazan libaka.
2. profensing ea Ingrian (lilemo tse peli hamorao rehoa St. Petersburg). Se ne se akarelletsa Leningrad ea kajeno, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk boroa, bophirimela ho Vologda, Yaroslavl libaka le Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, e neng e akarelletsa Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda sebakeng, karolo ea Kostroma, Karelia le Komi.
4. E le karolo ea profinse ea Kiev - Little Russia, likotoana tsa Belgorod le Sevsk, karolo ea Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk libaka.
5. Smolensk Province kenyelleditswe Smolensk jwale sebakeng, karolo Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga le Tula libaka.
6. profensing ea Kazan - the Volga le Bashkortostan, ea Volga-Vyatka, karolo ea Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo le Kostroma libaka, e leng karolo e ka leboea ea Dagestan le Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya kenyelletsa ditokiseletso karolo ea Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, tsohle Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, karolo Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk le Penza libaka.
8. E le karolo ea profinseng eo ea Siberia - Siberia, ba bangata ba Urals e, Kirov sebakeng le karolo ea Republic of Komi.

Ke eng tse thahasellisang, ho ea qetellong ea 1719 e neng e le liprofinseng motso. Sena se etsahetse ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ho na le ba ne ba tšoaea Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan le Riga Province. Ha hlooho ea unit trust paballo ya naha e ne e le 'musisi-kakaretso,' me e mong le e kabelo ea liprofinseng leba Landrat.

Ea bobeli ya tsamaiso arola liprofinseng (liphetoho bobeli Petra Velikogo)

The liphetoho bobeli e ile ea etsahala 1719, 29 May. Tseleng lona profinseng eo e ile ea aroloa liprofinseng e eteletsoeng pele ke warlord le liprofinseng, le eena, ba aroloa ka literekeng le balaoli ba naha mokomishinara. Kahoo, ho theha liprofinseng 47 tse etsang liprofinseng 9, ntle le Reval (eo hona joale Tallinn) le Astrakhan (di se arotsoe ka likarolo). Ka litokomane tsa nako eo hlalosa ka ho qaqileng o profinseng efe, hona ke eng matla e filoe.

Oa boraro liphetoho tsa tsamaiso

Seo e ne e le profinse ea ka letsatsi hamorao? Nakong ea liphetoho ea boraro la tsamaiso tlosoa literekeng le counties kena hape. Phello e bile counties 250 ba liprofinse 14. Thehoa Belgorod le liprofinseng Novgorod, counties o ile a qala ho etella pele baeta-pele ba seterekeng sa nobility ena.

Leha ho le joalo, ho nobility ea moo boima ka matla a borena, e le hore ba ikutloe joaloka beng ba naha. Sebopeho ya tsamaiso e ne e le e tsitsitseng bakeng sa nako e telele, 'me haeba unit trust e ncha hlaha, joale ka lebaka la ho fumana ea tšimo. Qetellong ea October 1775 e le karolo ea puso ea Russia e ne e le liprofinseng 23, liprofinseng 62, 276 counties.

Catherine ea Reform Great

Molao-taelo oa Catherine ea 7 November 1775 e bontša hore ho hlokahala hore ho tsamaisa ya kwa kgaolong ya tsamaiso ya mmuso. Bopa liprofinseng ile a khaotsa ho, 'me palo ea tsona e fokotsehile, profinseng eo tlosoa' me a fetola molao-motheo oa ho theha literekeng. Ntlha ea bohlokoa e ne e le hore le seterekeng e lokela ho ba batho ba 20-30 sekete, 'me ka profinseng eo -. About 300-400 sekete.

Ho boetse ho na le sepheo sa liphetoho ne ho matlafatsa matla ka mor'a hore tlhaselo ea Emelyana Pugacheva. Babusisi le babusisi ikokobelletsa tataiso ea mochochisi, e eteletsoeng pele ke ho Boemedi Kakaretso le Senate.

Ho ea qetellong ea puso ea Catherine II o e le karolo ea Russia e ile ea e-ba 48 governorships, liprofinseng 2, 1 sebakeng le Hampton Don Cossacks. The Musisi Kakaretso khethiloeng ke Empress, counties ne li laoloa ke hore ofisiri balaoli-mapolesa. Ho fihlela etsahetse ka 1796 ho ne ho bōptjoa governorships e ncha e ne e le ka lebaka la ho kamohelo ka libaka.

ha e sa potso tsoha har'a sechaba provense joalo, 'me bakeng sa eo e ileng ba bōptjoa. Ho hlaha ha diyuniti tse ncha tsa tsamaiso tsa lula li sa bonoe ke motho.

Paul liphetoho ke le Alexander I

Thuto liprofinseng nakong ea puso ea Paul Ke hlahile ka lebaka la ho fetola mabitso a diyuniti tsamaiso. The liphetoho ka 1776, ho na le e ne e le nyalano: e leng 'musisi ka molao e ile ea liprofinseng, libaka, moo ho neng ho monyetla oa etsa liketso tsa borabele kapa tlhaselo e' ngoe, o ile a lula fatše babusisi-kakaretso sa.

Driving liprofinseng Control nakong ea puso ea Alexander kea ka ka fetola, empa ka nako ho tloha lilemong tse 1801 ho 1802, felisoa tšimong ea tsosolosoa.

Nahana ka seo e ne e le profinse ea nakong ena. Re lokela ho hlokomela le ho makala a diyuniti ea sebaka ka lihlopha tse 2: karolong e Europe la Russia e obschegubernskaya mokgatlo (e entsoeng ka - 51 o profinseng), mathōkong a tsamaiso ea leihlo Generalgouvernement (feela 3 liprofinseng). Libakeng tse ling - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don mabotho, Terek - babusisi ne bobeli ataman mabotho Cossack. Ka 1816 ho na le e ne e le 12 governorships, le karolo ea liprofensi tse 3-5.

From profinseng ho sebaka seo

Ho ea qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX hlahisa libakeng tse 20 - diyuniti tsa tsamaiso e tšoanang le liprofinseng. Lentsoe "sebakeng" ho fapana ho mose ho maoatle "profensing ea" 'nete khale Maslav le bolela "ena" (beng).

Area teng libakeng tse moeling oa linaheng tse ling, ha baa ka ba ne Duma bona 'me ba ne hampe angoa ke melao tse ling tse se busang babusisi sesole le ne e le karolo ea' Muso-Kakaretso. Ho simplifies didirisiwa ea 'muso ea moo' me e ile ea eketseha ho ikokobelletsa ka ho toba ho 'musisi'.

Pele e le 'musisi-kakaretso ka Russia - AD Menshikov - libe tsa ofisi ka 1703

badirimmogong ba la tsamaiso e le ea 1914

Ho fihlela mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli wa provense unit trust muso ea moo e se e bile le phello ea eona. From 1907 ho 1910, nakong ea liphetoho Stolypin, ho theha Lekhotla la United Nobility.

'Muso oa nakwana o bolokile karohano la provense, ba ne ba hore a etelle pele bokhomishenara la provense, le counties - seterekeng. E tšoanang le ena, e leng tsamaiso ea Masoviet ha thehoa ho hanyetsanang le nakwana Muso.

Nako ea Soviet Union

Qalong karohano la provense o ile a lula nako e itseng ka mor'a phetoho e bileng teng ka October 1917, empa ho ile ha thehoa Komiti ea Phethahatso wa provense. Komiti ena e phethahatso e khethileng ka Congress la provense tsa Masoviet.

Ho ea qetellong ea 1918 e le karolo ea puso ea ho ne ho 78 liprofinseng, 'me ka nako e le ho fihlela ho 1920, 25 ho bona ba ile ba kopanela Finland, Poland le Baltic States. From 1920 ho fihlela ka 1923. ho pholletsa le naha ea RSFSR ho ne ho ena le lecha ikemetseng diyuniti - thehoa e le profinse e ncha selemo le selemo.

Sebopeho fetola kamehla, empa ka lebaka la ho liphetoho profinseng ka 1929 li ile tsa nyamela ka ho feletseng, ho ne ho libaka le libakeng, 'me ba, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e ne e akarelletsa oa setereke, seterekeng, makhotla a motse, hore re boloke ho fihlela letsatsing lena.

Qetellong

A sehloohong sena a re ho tse thathamisitsoeng seo profensing ea neng ba le naheng ea Russia. Ho phaella moo, re tšohla ho bopa dikgopolo tsa senotlolo le histori ea ho hlaha ha a taolo-ea sebaka diyuniti fapaneng.