Phosphorus ka 'mele oa motho: boleng, khahlamelo

Biochemistry - baeloji hore o ithuta lik'hemik'hale tsa lisele ka bonngoe le phelang ka kakaretso. E o tsejoa hore hoo e ka bang 98% ea litaba tse ka hare ke le seleng ea kenyeletsa oksijene, carbon, naetrojene le hydrogen. lik'hemik'hale tsena li bitsoa organogenic. 1,8% ke potassium, sodium, magnesium, chloride le phosphorus. Batho, ba ile ba ba le karolo ea letsoai matsoai le na le mofuta o mong oa ions e bonolo kapa e rarahaneng, ho fana ka tsela e tlwaelehileng a itšoare metabolism. Ka mohlala, motsoako sehloohong ea lisele le boikarabelo bakeng sa phetiso ya mekhoa liphatsa tsa lefutso - acid nucleic - di na le dipegelo anions ke anions ea acid e phosphoric.

The ATP molek'hule leo Software seleng ea eneji, le e boetse e akarelletsa phosphorus ions. Sehloohong sena, re hlahisa ka mehlala e latelang e tiisetsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea phosphorus ka 'mele oa motho le liphello tsa eona tse ka metabolism le.

Covalent Polar litlamo le boleng ba bona ba

Motheo kahehong ea lintho tse phelang molao taba phelang, ke na le bokhoni bo sa limolek'hule tsa ho ya ho theha mofuta itseng ea lik'hemik'hale tlamo e. E bitsoa covalent Polar le hlahang pakeng tsa liathomo nonmetal, etsang qeto litšobotsi tsa motheo tsa metsoako lik'hemik'hale. Biochemistry, ho ithuta sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tsa lintho tse ka liseleng tse dimela, li-fungus, liphoofolo beha lik'hemik'hale bona sebopeho. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore, ntle ho moo naetrojene, k'habone, ea oksijene le ea ba nang le phosphorus. Ho batho, ho e-s'o fumane profinseng free, kaha ke haholo nang le chefo e. Ka hona, ka tsamaiso ea phelang, elements o na le mofuta o mong oa anions meta-, ortho- kapa acid e pyrophosphoric, e na le matla a ho bopa litlamo le cations tšepe. Ka seo dintho ba ka kopana le lisele tse?

Phosphorus ka limolek'hule tse rarahaneng manyolo

Liprotheine ya marapo tsamaiso, li-hormone, divithamini, le lipids ho theha e phosphorus-e nang le rarahaneng ions metsoako e rarahaneng. Batho ho na le rarahaneng metsoako - le phospholipids fosfoproteidy, bopang limolek'hule tsa lintho tse biologically mafolofolo nakong - enzyme le steroid. Polar covalent litlamo tsa DNA le RNA nucleotides lumella sebopeho sa litlamo phosphodiester ka liketane nucleic acid e. Ke hobane'ng ha ho hlokahala hore phosphorus ka 'mele' me seo ke mesebetsi ea eona e metabolism? A re ke re qaleng ka ho hlahloba taba ena ka phahameng ka ho lisele tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng.

Place phosphorus ka sebopeho elemental ea lisele

Ho ea ka diteng tsa cytoplasm le organelles (0.2-1%), bao e seng tšepe e sebakeng bone mora likarolo organogenic. Ho fetisisa ba phelelang locomotor phosphorus metsoako lisele tse - osteocytes, meno dinama tse nyenyane tse lithethefatsi - dentin. Great ke dikahare tsa bona ka methapo ea kutlo le glia, e etsa ho fihlela tsamaiso ea methapo. Phosphorus liathomo tse sa liprotheine lera, acid nucleic le dintho eneji, le - adenosine diphosphate ATP le fokotswa foromo nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Ha re ntse re bona ka phosphorus 'mele oa motho e fumanoa dibopeho tsohle bohlokoa haholo: lisele tse, lisele, tsamaiso ea bohloeki.

E o tsejoa hore boemo ba homeostasis seleng, eo e bulehetse tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko ho itšetlehile ka ea mahloriso ya ions tse fapa-fapaneng ka mokelikeli intercellular le hyaloplasm. ke mosebetsi oa phosphorus ka ho boloka ya kamehla tikoloho ya ka hare tsa 'mele oa motho ke efe?

Tsamaiso pafara

Ka lebaka la thepa ka ntle lera semipermeable ka seleng kamehla fumana dintho tse sa tšoaneng, e phahameng mahloriso le ka hampe ama mosebetsi oa eona. Ho kokobetsa ho ba fetang ions nang le chefo e, e cytoplasm, hammoho le cations sodium, potassium, k'halsiamo, e na le litlhaka kahare asiti carbonate, sulfite, le acid phosphoric. Ba ba khona ho itšoara ka fetang ions tšoasoa gorole e, le ho laola ho tumellano ya dikahare intracellular. Tsamaiso pafara ntle ions ea acid fokolang, hakaalo kenyeletsa anions HPO ₄ ^2- le H ₂ PO ₄ ^- nang phosphorus. Ka batho, e entsoe ka mokhoa pafara fana ka 'nete hore physiologically tloaelehile a itšoare metaboliki boemong lisele.

phosphorylation oxidative

Ho petsoha metsoako manyolo ka seleng e bitsoa aerobiki respiration. The sebaka - ka mitochondria. Ka lemenong le ka hare - cristae organelles - teng enzyme mehahong. Ka mohlala, tsamaiso ea ATPase kenyelletsa ditokiseletso molekuly- elektrone bajari. Ka lebaka la liphetoho catalyzed ke enzyme tloha ADP le mahala acid e phosphoric limolek'hule tsa maiketsetso ATP - bokahohleng lisele tse eneji, le moemeli oa chesa bakeng sa ho ikatisa bona, khōlo, libaesekopo. sebopeho lona ka emeloa ka nolofalitsoeng sekemeng itšoara joang: F = ADP + ATP. Ebe limolek'hule adenosinetriphosphate ipokellela ka cytoplasm ena. Ba sebeletsa e le mohloli oa matla bakeng sa mosebetsi oa ho phetha molao feela, mohlala, tsamaisong ea mesifa, 'me ka liphetoho tsa phapanyetsano polasetiki. Ka lebaka leo, phosphorus ka 'mele oa motho o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism matla.

litlamo Phosphodiester lefutso limolek'hule

Phahameng athomo dikahare phosphorus e tlalehiloeng ka khubung seleng, e le karolo ea setho sa acid nucleic. Buloa ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo oa Switzerland rasaense F. Miescher, ba biopolymers entsoe ka monomers le - nucleotides. Phosphorus se teng bobeli ka purine le pyrimidine makalana, le maqhama eaba ba etsa le ketane RNA le superhelix DNA. The monomers ea acid e nucleic khona ho eaba ba etsa sebopeho polymer ka hlahisa litlamo covalent pakeng tsa litlhaka kahare ho pentose le asiti phosphoric rapaletse nucleotides haufi. Ba ba bitsoa phosphodiester. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng ea DNA le RNA limolek'hule etsahala liseleng batho pepesehetse mahlaseli a kotsi ka thata sa gamma kapa dintho nang le chefo e ka lebaka la ho chefo ka lebaka la otlile la litlamo tsa phosphodiester. E isang Cell lefu.

lera la likokoana-hloko

Sebopeho hlalosang e dikahare hare-hare ho ka seleng, 'me li entsoe ka phosphorus. Ho batho ho fihlela ho 40% ka boima ba 'mele omileng oela metsoako e nang le phospholipids le fosfoproteidy. Ba metsoako e ka sehloohong ea lera lera, eo ho eona ho na le boetse ho na le dintho tse kang liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite. Phahameng phosphorus dikahare ke tloaelehileng bakeng sa neurocytes khetla le dithulaganyo - dendrites le axon. Phospholipids lera la fa plasticity, 'me ka lebaka limolek'hule le k'holeseterole' me esita le matla. Ba boetse li phetha karolo e phethoang ke manģosa bobeli - bontša limolek'hule tse activators liprotheine effector amehang tšusumetso e tsoang ho methapo ea kutlo.

litsoelesa Parathyroid le karolo ea bona ea ho metabolism phosphorus

Similar erekisi rapaletseng lobes bobeli ya thyroid tsoelesa e le ho ba le boima ba 'mele ea 0.5-0.8 g, e mong le e, ho tšoelesa parathyroid ho secrete hormona parathyroid. Ho o laola ka phapanyetsano ya likarolo tse kang k'halsiamo le phosphorus 'meleng. mesebetsi e ke tse litla bona ka osteoblasts le osteocytes - lisele tse lesapo, tse susumetsoang ke homone qala ho secrete letsoai ea acid e phosphoric ka mokelikeli kantle ho sele. Ha hyperfunction tsa litsoelesa parathyroid la masapo a batho ba felloa ke matla, nolofatsa le heletsa, e phosphorus dikahare ka ba decreases sharply. Ka nako ena, e kotsing ea ho fractures ea lesapo la mokokotlo, noka le letheka, soka bophelo ba mokuli ea eketseha. Ka nako, ho eketsa tjhelete ya khalsiamo. Sena se etsa hore hypercalcemia le matšoao a methapo pheriferale le ho oa ha ya marapo mesifa molumo. PTH sebetsang sebakeng sa hae ka liphio, fokotsa reabsorption phosphorus letsoai ho tswa ho moroto mathomo. Eketsa dikahare phosphate ka dinama tse nyenyane tse liphio bakang hyperphosphaturia le calculus sebopeho.

Diminerale hlophisoa dinama tse nyenyane tse lesapo

The thatafala, matla le elasticity ea tsamaiso ea tšehetso itšetlehile ka lik'hemik'hale ea lisele masapo. Osteocytes na le e le metsoako manyolo, mohlala ossein protheine, 'me lintho tse inorganic nang phosphate letsoai k'halsiamo le magnesium. Ka lilemo, motho ea likarolo matsoai kang hydroxylapatite ka osteocytes le eketseha osteoblasts. E sa tloaelehang lesapo mineralization, ho bokella letsoai k'halsiamo le phosphorus feteletseng 'meleng isang tahlehelo ea elasticity le matla la masapo, kahoo batho ba hōlileng ba atisa ho ba kotsing ea ho tsoa likotsi' me fractures.

Tšokoloho ea metsoako phosphorus ka 'mele oa motho

Kholo ka ho fetisisa tshilong ya dijo tšoelesa ka 'mele oa motho - sebete - bo bile le seabo ea etellang pele ka liphetoho phapanyetsano la metsoako phosphorus-e nang. Parathyroid hormona le vithamine D hape le seabo sa ho dithulaganyo tsena. Tlhokahalo ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa karolo ea batho ba baholo e 1,0-2, 0 dikgerama, bakeng sa bana le bacha ba - 2,5 phosphorus ka mokgwa wa letsoai habonolo digestible hammoho le mehahong le liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite ka 'mele oa motho o tsoa lijo.

Ba tletse dipeo sonobolomo, mokopu, hemp. Ka lijo tse se hlahang ho yona phoofolo phosphorus haholo ka sebete khoho, nama ea khomo, ka thata chisi, tlhapi. Feteletseng phosphorus 'meleng ho ka fella ka lefu la reabsorbtsionnoy mosebetsi renal, divithamini tšebeliso e mpe, khaello k'halsiamo ka lijo. Phello e mpe ea phosphorus ka 'mele oa motho e haholo-holo o ile a bontša ka lethopa ea pelo le methapo tsamaiso, a liphio le masapo sethusathuto le' na a bontša e le mafu a tshilong ya dijo tse tebileng.