Palekh nyenyane. Batho ba tšoasa litlhapi motseng oa Palekh

E mong oa mefuta e ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho setso ke Russia lacquer nyenyane, litsi morao-rao eo ba sebakeng Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera le Kholui. setsi sa boholo-holo sa bonono ena - motseng oa Palekh ea sebaka se Ivanovo, ho tloha eo baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ka makholo a lilemo, e seng feela penta litšoantšo, empa hape penta le marako a likerekeng Orthodox le tsosolositsoeng likereke khale le cathedrals. Palekh nyenyane, eo ho ile ha hlaha ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa sechaba le bochaba hore ba hlahile ka Russia mora oa October Phetohelo ea 1917, e ne e khona ho boloka lilemo li ka neano ea letšoao ho penta le ho fetisetsa ba mefuta e ncha, le tlale ho seng joalo bohlokoa ho diteng sechabeng.

Histori ea lacquer Russia

Russia lacquer penta a le teng ka lilemo tse makholo ho feta tse peli. Ho e nkoa e le e le qalo ea qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo la XVIII, ha Moscow mohoebi Korobov theha fektheri bakeng sa tlhahiso ea visors lacquered ne a rerile hore le likatiba Russia sesole. Lacquered nyenyane hlaha a batla a hamorao, ha ka Serussia moemphera lekhotla tloaelo snuff e-ba elegant. Mabokose a khona potlako haholo ho hlophisa tlhahiso ea mabokose nyenyane lacquer - snuff. Ha nako e ntse, gizmos tsena li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ho khabisa likamore. Ka lebaka leo, ditlhoko tsa bona mokhabiso ba phahameng. Hamorao mesebetsi ke beng ba Russia ba fetohile haholo fapane dikai Bophirimela ea kamoo mokhoa oa ho phetha, hammoho le ka litaba ea neng a bitsoa tlhaku ea sechaba. Kahoo, ka Serussia lacquer nyenyane hlaha litlhaku le litšoantšo ho tloha lipale setso le litšōmo tsa lingoliloeng classic le ea boholo-holo Russia, e bontša lineano Russia le tsela ea bophelo, ho ikatisa le botle ba tlhaho e potolohileng.

Litsi tsa lacquer litsoantso tse nyenyane Russia

Ka Russia kajeno ho na le litsi tse 'nè, tse mafolofolo tse tsoelang pele bolokoa lineano tsa boholo-holo tsa bonono Russia ba nyenyane lacquer penta: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy le Mstera. Pele 1917 phetohelo, litoropong tse bohle ntle Fedoskino, ba ne ba tsebahala ka ho Russia e le litsi tse khōlō tsa letšoao ho penta, e seng feela ba bōptjoa aekhoneng e, empa hape re lokisetsa ho tsosolosoa ha mong'a le leboteng le metako ea litempele. E mong le e sa litsi tsena bopa ya diaekhone ka Orthodox neano tloaelehileng, empa e boetse e ba ne ba e ikhethang tsa lona manta. Tse Ipabolang Tsa Kholui, ho ea fihla kamoo ho ka khonehang iconography ea, ba ne ba le haufi le Russia baanelwa setso, baahi Mstera lateloa lineano tsa Khale molumeli baahi ba libaka tse fapaneng ea Russia, Palekh baetsi ba litšoantšo ba phetha ka ho fetisisa le diaekhone Canonicity Orthodox.

Ho tlile joang hore iconography ka Palekh

Lilemong tsa bo-XVI Palekh baahi tlas'a tšusumetso ea litsi ba 'nile ba hlahile pele ho moo iconography le Kholui Shuya o ile a qala ho leka letsoho la hae ka le diaekhone ngola. Boiteko ba ne ba tse seng kae le atleha haholo ha ba bitsa.

Ka bohareng ba lekholo XVII botumo ba Palekh painters letšoao fihla Moscow, 'me baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ba memeloa ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho lula ntlong ea borena. Haeba ka XVII lekholong la lilemo la ka profinseng ea Vladimir letšoao o ile a ngola hoo e ka bang mong le e mong motse o moholo, lilemong tsa XVIII e ne e le setsi sa ka sehloohong diaekhone tse tharo: Holuy, Mstera le Palekh. Paleshane ho fapana le baahi ba eketsehileng industrially ntshetswa pele le Mstera Kholui, ho fihlela mathoasong a lekholo XIX kopantswe temo 'ona tsa moetlo le mesebetsi mongolo diaekhone le boikhathollo tšimong ea nako. Vyrisovalas ka hloko ho boloka lineano tsa diaekhone le a ile a bōptjoa butle 'me ba bitsa chelete e ngata.

Tšimoloho ea lekholong la lilemo la XIX e nkoa e le heyday tsa Palekh letšoao ho penta. Qala ka diaekhone tse Palekh rekiswa, eseng feela ka ho motse-moholo le metseng e meholo ea Russia, empa hape linaheng tse ling.

Ke bohareng ba XIX lekholong la lilemo la ka Palekh hlophisitse lithupelo pele bao e leng Safonov, Corinne, le Nanykinu UDALOVA. Ke tšimoloho ea XX lekholong la lilemo la, tlhahiso ya diaekhone fetohile atile, theko e tlaase le ka tlase boleng. Hlaha ha litšoantšo cheap, hatisitsoeng typographically, lebisa ho fokotseha ea iconography le ho felisoa ha mabenkele 'maloa tsebahalang. Mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli ka Kholui, Palekh le Mstera ho boloka lineano tsa Serussia letšoao lithupelo fuoa koetliso Komiti penta hlokomeloa ba ile ba bōptjoa, e ile ea nka ho fihlela ka 1917.

Nako ea Soviet Union

Mora oa October Phetohelo, ho fihlela ho 1923, ba bangata ba baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ka Palekh jobless. Motho ho ne ho tsoetse ho ea batla mosebetsi motseng oo, ba bang ba 'nile ba leka ho etsa lintho tsa ho bapala, lijana kapa meqathatso loha. Ho fihlela ka 1923, boiteko ba 'maloa ba ile ba ho ikamahanya le pele e neng e letšoao-penta le mabokose, lintho tsa ho bapala le lisebelisoa lehong. Leha ho le joalo, lintho ha lia ka tsa tsamaea kamoo hammoho le hore ho hlokahala hore ho lokolloa ha meqolo kgolo ka lebelo le tlaase, 'me ka sebele mofuta wa sehlahiswa bo feletse ka ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tlaase boleng.

letsatsi ha e ne a bōpiloe ke Palekh lacquer nyenyane, ka mokgwa oo re tseba e lokela ho nkoa e le qetellong ea 1922, e qalang ka la 1923. E ne e ka nako eo tse ka holong moetsi oa litšoantšo Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces entsoe ka papier-mache ho bopa sebopeho "Adam Paradeiseng." mosebetsi ona o thahasella le taolo ya Handicraft Museum (kajeno - Folk Art Museum), e ne e le ho fana ka likheo tsena moetsi oa litšoantšo le ho lefella mosebetsi oa hae. Nakong e tlang, tshebetso amanang I. V. Markichev, Av le IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Bōpiloe ke baetsi ba litšoantšo tsena li ne li fanoa ka 1923 ka Art National le Industry Pontšo ka Moscow le ile a fuoa ho dipoloma ya tekanyo e 1st. Ka 1924, baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ne ba bontšitse ka Venice, 'me ka 1925 - Paris, moo a ne a bōpa ka furor le ba atleha haholo. Tsena tsohle di ile ha e le hantle hore ho la 5 December, 1924 ka Palekh VV le Av Kotuhinymi, AI le AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM le I. And Bakanov . Golikov ileng ba bōptjoa Artel ea ho penta ea boholo-holo.

Newborn Palekh nyenyane tobana maloa a mathata: Pele ho tsohle, re hloka lintho tse bonahalang tse ntjha - e papier-mache, eo thekenoloji ne ke sa baetsi ba litšoantšo ba tsebahalang, Paleshane, ho feta moo, e ne e ho hlokahala hore ho susumelletsa ho penta le diaekhone a bataletseng ho web bakeng sa ho fomata beha dintho le lintho tse tse fanang ka bophahamo ba modumo le sebopeho.

A mefuta e fapaneng ya dibopeho le ho pentoa Palekh benghali ba bafo ne e le khōlō haholo: brooches, bisernitsy, matlōleng, mabokose, koae Maemong a le mabokose snuff, mabokosana eyeglass le mabokose phofo le tse ling tse ngata. Palekh nyenyane tsa nako eo o na le lebisitsoeng ho mekhabiso qalo, empa ha le na litšoantšo tse hlakileng le ho evolving setlhogo. Lipina atlehileng ka ho fetisisa le e ratoang ea nako eo e ne e le ntoeng, ho cowherd, ho tsoma, partying le triples.

Bolokehile hore re e ne e 20s ea lekholong la lilemo la mashome a mabeli ka Palekh lacquer nyenyane thehoa le tlas'a tšusumetso ea bobeli ea boholo-holo Russia letšoao-penta neano, 'me lefatše la bonono.

Lilemong tse ka mor'a ntoa

Ka lilemo tse leshome pele ea khotso, benghali ba bangata ba Palekh litsoantso tse nyenyane ka mesebetsi ea hae e bontšang litšoantšo ea ntoeng a sa tšoaneng, ka bobeli sa tsoa fumana lengolo la ho tswa Second Ntoa ea Lefatše le lintoa tse ling tse khōlō e ileng ea tlisa botumo makhotla Serussia. Ka mashome a mahlano, ho ea ka bahlahlobisisi ba bangata, lacquer nyenyane Palekh nang le bothata e totobetseng, e neng e bakoa ke tšekamelo ea baetsi ba litšoantšo ba bangata hore ba baanelwa ka tsela e feteletseng, pushed ka ntle ho mosebetsi le ho ratana ntlafatso bath tsa mesebetsi ea lilemong tse fetileng. Palekh nyenyane, photo photo photo photo hlahiswa mona ka tlase, e bontša ka ho hlaka tšusumetso ea likhopolong tsa Soviet Union ka nako eo ka baetsi ba litšoantšo ba.

baanelwa ka tsela e feteletseng, monumentality le pathos khethollang ho fetisisa ya mesebetsi e bōpiloe ka lilemo tsena ho le joalo, 'me a lula ba bang ba beng ba ba a sireletsa ea ka neano ea romanticism le khale sekolong.

sixties a tšoauoa ka monumentality le ka tsela e feteletseng naturalistic kgutlela, empa leralleng le haze maikutlo a lerato a khutlela Palekh lacquer nyenyane hape e ba ka tsela ea thothokiso le lintho tsa tsoantsetso. Nakong ena, baetsi ba litšoantšo paleshane ipiletsa eseng feela hore le mehloli ea setso, empa hape le ho mesebetsi ea lingoliloeng classic, hammoho le ho ea kajeno lipina. Ka nako e tšoanang liketsahalo sechabeng bohlokoa, tse kang, ho etsa mohlala, sebaka batho sefofane, 'me ba fumana ponahatso ea eona e leng mesebetsi ea beng ba le.

The seventies le eighties tsa XX lekholong la lilemo la e ne e le nako ea tlokomang ea Palekh ho penta. baetsi ba litšoantšo Palekh li memeloa ho ntshetsa pele dikelaka tsa mananeo a sa tšoaneng konsarete, mokhabiso bakeng sa bana le mekhatlo setso.

bokoli

Kaha ba ileng ba pholoha 90s thata, paleshane tlohetse ho tšoasa litlhapi 'ona tsa moetlo. Palekh bonono sekolong selemo le selemo hlahisa baetsi ba litšoantšo e monyenyane, ka hloko ho boloka lineano le litšobotsi tse, e leng ke e le tse thahasellisang Palekh nyenyane. Kajeno ho na le cooperative 'maloa' me likhoebo lelapa, entsoe ka neano ea Palekh lacquer mage.

makgetheng ikhethang

penta Palekh, joaloka tse ling tse bonono efe kapa efe ea setso e 'nileng ea thehoa libakeng tse ling, e na le ea eona e makgetheng ikhethang le lineano. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, litlhapi boemohali ka lilemo tse makholo a rorisa Palekh. Lacquer nyenyane nkiloeng fetang plurality ya diaekhone litšobotsi tse kang, ho etsa mohlala, ho hahoa sebopeho, le tlhokomelo hlokolosi ho dintlha. Re ka bolela hore Palekh nyenyane ema lineanong boholo-holo oa letšoao ho penta. Likolong tse ling tsa sechaba Palekh lacquer penta setaele e tšoauoa ka lintho tse latelang:

• prorisovyvanie o hlophisitsoeng o tiileng le bafo;
• nyenyane penta;
• patterned le esita le boleng mekhabiso tsa paterone;
• hlokolosi dintlha tsa e mong le e elements;
• elongation le fragility ea lipalo batho;
• fineness tsa atamela 'mele batho likarolo;
• mefuta e fapaneng ya ho fetoha mebala;
• Sebelisa limelo lefifi;
• tshebediso ya lehe tempera;
• pentiloe ka khauta.

Empa e le hore moetsi oa litšoantšo e ne e khona ho qala ho bōpa lits'oants'o tse nyane, o lokela ho pele etsa papier-mâché sehlahisoa hore o tla saena.

Mokhoa oa ho etsa papier-mache?

E entsoe ka lebokoso, eo e neng khaola ka e hlobolisa, netile le ho peista, pheha phofo koro, 'me e sebelisoa ho hlobo lehong (ingot) lepelela. Ka mor'a hore ke fumane botenya tshwanese, hammoho le lebokoso letho e tsitsitseng ka mochine o khethehileng. Le tlas'a khatello, ba ea fetoloa methapo ya dibopeho tse sa tšoaneng le boholo bo. A petetswa ka tsela eo oxyphobe di omisitsoeng ka wa kamore ka nako e ka bang libeke tse peli. The preform omisitsoeng e theolela bosiu ho mofuthu linseed oli bakeng sa impregnation e, ka mor'a moo ba ile ba ba omisitsoeng bakeng sa matsatsi a mane ka ontong e khethehileng eo ka eona mocheso e hlokomelwa ka 120 ⁰ C. Ka bohato bo latelang ba workpiece e fatše le primed. Mora sila holim'a lona tse ngata tsa ka ntle superposed magato aa ba batsho lacquer, 'me ka hare - Oil varnish le cinnabar. Qetellong ea tshebetso holim kaofela lacquered le dikarolo e 'maloa ea lacquer leseli. Ka mor'a ho sebelisa mong le e lera la preform e omisitsoeng ka mocheso itseng ka ontong. Ke feela ka mor'a manipulations tsena tsohle, moetsi oa litšoantšo ea tla ba khona ho qala ho penta.

Dithekeniki le mekhoa

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ka ena ke Palekh lacquer penta nyenyane ke lehe tempera pente. E le hore a hlalosa ha ba sutumelletsa ho boreleli varnish holim'a, ho e khethehileng tšoaroa ka lejoe pumice. The ea moeli ea setšoantšong nakong e tlang e sebelisoa ho sehlahiswa, e le pentšele e bohale le ho etsa underpainting. Ke ka eena 'me a tla sebelisoa ho mong'a le plurality tsa le dikarolo e bonaletsang tšesaane ea ho penta. Kakaretso ea mehato ea motheo ea ho bōpa setšoantšo sa tse hlano:

1. Roskrysh - ka sehloohong basting silhouettes le contour.

2. Hampton phemiti - clarifying ea contour le shades.

3. Plavi - ho sebelisa mafura mokelikeli lessirovochnomu lichapo pente.

4. Blikovka - notching phethile khauta le qhibilihile.

5. rera penta paterone ke khauta.

Ka mor'a moo, khauta mokhabiso di kentswe ka agate bentšitsoeng khoune kapa phiri leino, ka nako eo sehlooho se kaofela a tlotsitsoeng le le dikarolo 6-7 tsa lacquer. Ka mor'a ho sebelisa mong le e mosebetsi e omisitsoeng, e bentšitsoeng ka bentsa liropeng khethehileng, 'me joale e ntse e feta ke qeta letsoho e bentšitsoeng. bokaholimo Lacquered, e bentšitsoeng ho seipone fihlela qetellong, a le fa ho setshwantsho sa botebo eketsa le etsa hore pente "utloahala" ho feta ruileng le ba bonolo.