Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng lik'hemik'hale ea lisele: dintho manyolo, macro- le microelements

Lilemong tsa bo-bo19 la lilemo morao ho theha lekala ea baeloji e bitswang Biochemistry. O ile a ithuta lik'hemik'hale ea lisele tse phelang. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa saense e - tsebo ea peculiarities ea metabolism le matla, ho laola mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea limela le liphoofolo liseleng.

Khopolo ea lik'hemik'hale ea lisele

Ka lebaka la ho etsa lipatlisiso le pharaletseng ka ho bo-rasaense ba mokhatlo oa lik'hemik'hale ea lisele e se o ile a ithuta 'me ba fumana hore lintho tse phelang li entsoe ka tse fetang 85 likarolo lik'hemik'hale. 'Me ba bang ba bona ba hlokahalang bakeng sa hoo e ka bang tsohle tse phelang, ha ba bang ba itseng le hlaha ka mefuta e itseng. A sehlopha sa boraro sa likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le teng ka lisele tsa microorganisms, limela le liphoofolo tse ngata ka ho lekaneng tse nyenyane. likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale ea sele tse hangata e le ka mokgwa wa cations le anions eo diminerale letsoai le metsi a thehoa, 'me manyolo k'habone metsoako ba tsa maiketsetso: lik'habohaedreite, lihaha-'mele, lipids.

likarolo organogenic

Ka Biochemistry, li akarelletsa k'habone, haedrojene, oksijene le ea naetrojene. sete bona e ka seleng ea 88 ho 97% ya tse ling likarolo lik'hemik'hale teng ho eona. Haholo-holo ke ba bohlokoa k'habone. lintho tse All manyolo ka ho hlophisoa ha lisele tse bopilwe limolek'hule nang k'habone ka sebopeho liathomo tsa lona. Ba ka ya kokangana ho theha ketane (se makala a le unbranched), hammoho le ka lipotoloho. Sena se na le bokhoni bo k'habone liathomo tsehelitseng hlollang tšoane ha lintho tse phelang e ne e akarelletsa ho cytoplasm sele le organelles.

Mohlala, litaba tse ka hare ka hare ea sele le bopilwe ka oligosaccharide qhibilihang ka har'a, liprotheine hydrophilic, lipids, mefuta e sa tšoaneng tsa RNA: phetiso RNA, ribosomal RNA le lenģosa RNA, hammoho le monomers mahala - nucleotides. Jwalo lik'hemik'hale e na le li-cell khubu. E boetse e na le molek'hule ea acid e deoxyribonucleic, ke karolo ea chromosomes ena. Kaofela ha metsoako ka holimo li ka sebopeho liathomo tsa lona tsa naetrojene, carbon le oksijene, haedrojene. Sena ke bopaki ba bohlokoa ba tsona ho khetheha, kaha k'hemik'hale mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa ea sele e itšetlehile ka diteng tsa likarolo biogenic tse etsang dibopeho lisele: hyaloplasm le organelles.

Macronutrients le meelelo bona

likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale, tseo le tsona ke lintho tse tloaelehileng haholo ka lisele tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lintho tse, Biochemistry ba bitsoa macronutrients. dikahare tsa bona ka seleng e 1.2% - 1,9%. Ke macroelements lisele tse kenyeletsa: phosphorus, potassium, chloride, sebabole, le magnesium, khalsiamo, tšepe le sodium. Kaofela ha bona ba na le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa le ho ba le karolo ea organelles tse fapa-fapaneng seleng. Kahoo, Ion ferrous se teng ka protheine mali - haemoglobin, e nkang oksijene (tabeng eo e bitsoa oxyhaemoglobin), carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) kapa carbon dioxide e (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ions fana foromo ea bohlokoa ea ho tsamaisa intercellular: thoeng pompo sodium-potassium. Ba boetse ho na le karolo ea interstitial mokelikeli 'me mali a lero la mali. ions magnesium teng limolek'hule chlorophyll (photopigment dimela e phahameng), 'me ba amehang mosebetsing oa ho ba tala, hammoho le litsi tsa itšoara joang foromo leraba leo photons matla leseli.

K'halsiamo ions fana conduction tsa linaoa methapo ea kutlo hammoho likhoele 'me ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea osteocytes - lisele tse masapo. K'halsiamo metsoako tse atile liphoofolo invertebrate lefatše bao likhetla li entsoe ka k'halsiamo carbonate.

Chloride ions ameha recharging le lera sele le fana ka ponahalo ea linaoa motlakase tsa tlhotlheletso mogodisa neural.

The liathomo sebabole ke karolo ea protheine letsoalloa le ho etsa hore ba bona ba phahameng sebopeho "stitching" polypeptide ketane, ka tsela eo eaba ba etsa globular protheine molek'hule.

ions potassium ameha ka ho tsamaisa ya dintho ka lera la seleng. phosphorus liathomo ke karolo ea lintho tse ena ea bohlokoa eneji, le-matla tse kang adenosine diphosphate, 'me ke ea bohlokoa motsoako oa limolek'hule tsa acid deoxyribonucleic le ribonucleic, e leng ba ka sehloohong lintho seleng e lefutso.

Mosaletsa mosebetsi ka metabolism lisele

About 50 metsoako molao ka tlase ho 0,1% ka lisele tsa tsona li, o bitsoang microcells. Tsena li akarelletsa zinki, molybdenum, a iodine litareng e, koporo, cobalt, fluorine. Le tokiso tlaase ba phetha mosebetsi oa bohlokoa haholo, e le karolo ea lintho tse ngata biologically mafolofolo.

Ka mohlala, zinki liathomo tse ka ka insulin molek'hule (pancreatic hormona laoloang mali tsoekere boemo ba), a iodine litareng e ke constituent hormone ea thyroid - thyroxine le triiodothyronine ho laola boemo ba metabolism 'meleng. Koporo, hammoho le ions tšepe amehang hematopoiesis (sebopeho sa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, li-platelet le lisele tse tšoeu mali ka lesapo moko oa vertebrates). ions koporo li kenyelelitsoe hemocyanin pigment teng maling a invertebrates, joalo morue. Ka lebaka leo, 'mala oa hemolymph putsoa ba bona.

More tlase dikahare ka seleng likarolo joalo lik'hemik'hale tse kang loto, khauta, bromine, silevera. Ba ba bitsoa ultromikroelementami le karolo ea limela le liphoofolo liseleng. Ka mohlala, ka and analysis lik'hemik'hale ions khauta poone weevil ne lemoha. Bromine liathomo ka palo e kholo ea lisele e ne e akarelletsa ho thalli ba sootho le e khubelu dimelametsing, tse kang Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

All neng tsena mehlala le lintlha tse hlalosa ka moo tla ama lik'hemik'hale, mosebetsi le sebōpeho sa lisele tse. Tafole tlase bontša dikahare tsa likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale ka lisele tsa lintho tse phelang.

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa metsoako manyolo

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea lisele tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa lintho tse phelang ka tsela e itseng e itšetlehileng ka liathomo k'habone, eo ikarabella ka fetang 50% ea batho ba bangata seleng. Hoo e batlang e tsohle taba omileng seleng e emela lik'habohaedreite, lihaha-'mele, acid nucleic le lipids, e na le sebopeho rarahaneng le phahameng limolek'hule boima. limolek'hule joalo ba bitsoa macromolecules (polymers) 'me ba entsoe ka likarolo pete - monomers. Protein dintho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le ho phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi, tse tšohliloeng mona ka tlase.

Karolo e phethoang ke liprotheine ka seleng

Skeletal ho hlahloba metsoako kena seleng phelang, e tiisa dikahare tse phahameng tsa lintho tse phelang tse kang liprotheine. Ha e le hantle ena e na le e utloahalang tlhaloso: liprotheine phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi le ho ameha ka likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo seleng.

Ka mohlala, mosebetsi e sireletsang ea liprotheine e sebopeho sa lisireletsi - lisireletsi tse hlahisoang ke lymphocytes. liprotheine joalo sireletsang tse kang thrombin, fibrin le tromboblastin fana mali hoama le ho thibela ho lahleheloa ke lona ka ho sithabela le ho mo ntša kotsi. Sebopeho rarahaneng ea sele kenyeletsang lera seleng ea liprotheine le bokhoni ba ho hlokomela metsoako tsoang linaheng tse ling - antigens. Ba fetola phetolo ea bona 'me tlaleho ea seleng ea ba likotsi' nang (alamo mosebetsi).

Ba bang ba liprotheine na le mosebetsi taolo le ba li-hormone, e kang oxytocin, e hlahisoang ke hypothalamus le, pituitary reserved. Ba tsoela pele ho tloha ho ka mali, oxytocin sebetsang sebakeng sa hae ka mesifa lerako la popelo e, a etsa hore phokotso lona. vasopressin protheine boetse eo sebeletsa e le mosebetsi taolo ke ho laola khatello ea mali.

lisele tsa mesifa tse actin le myosin, ba ka khona ho ikhule, e leng e etsa hore enjene mosebetsi wa dinama tse nyenyane tse mesifa. Bakeng sa lihaha-'mele, tloaelehileng le trophic mosebetsi, mohlala, albumin embryo sebelisoa e le phepo bakeng sa ntshetsopele. liprotheine mali tsa lintho tse phelang tse sa tšoaneng, tse kang haemoglobin le hemocyanin, limolek'hule tsa oksijene li isoa - sebetsa ho tsamaisa mosebetsi. Ha matla a eketsehileng timetsang dintho tse kang lik'habohaedreite le lipids, ka botlalo sebelisoa, sele qala ho heletsa liprotheine. mob mobile mong oa boitsebiso boo 17 fana 2 KJ matla. E mong oa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea liprotheine e catalytic (lihaha-'mele, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale potlakisa lik'hemik'hale ka liphaposi cytoplasmic). E thehiloeng holimo, re bone hore le liprotheine na palo ya mesebetsi ea bohlokoa haholo 'me karolo hlokahalang ea sele liphoofolo.

protheine biosynthesis

Nahana ka tshebetso ya ho tswakana protheine ka seleng, e le hlaha ka cytoplasm dessyecik organelles kang ribosomes. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa enzyme e itseng, le ho kenya letsoho ha ho ribosome ions k'halsiamo kopana ho polysomes. Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea ho ribosomes ka seleng - the tswakana ea limolek'hule protheine, ho qala tshebetso mongwalollo. Ka lebaka la ho ba tsa maiketsetso mRNA limolek'hule, ho tse khomaretse polysomes. Ebe o qala nyeoe ea bobeli - hasoa. Lipalangoang RNA tlamella ho mefuta e mashome a mabeli a fapaneng ea-amino acid le tlise ho polysomes, 'me ho tloha ho sebetsa ha ribosomes ka seleng - tswakana tsa polypeptides, organelles tsena theha mehahong le tRNA,' me limolek'hule amino acid e li amahanngoa le 'moho ka litlamo peptide ho theha e protheine molecule.

Karolo e phethoang ke metsi ka metabolism

lithuto tsa Cytological li tiisitse taba ea hore sebopeho sele le ho hlophisoa ha eo re ithuta, e leng karolelano ea metsi a le 70%, 'me ka liphoofolo tse ngata, ba ba tataise ka tsela e metsi a bophelo (mohlala, coelenterates) dikahare lona fihla 97-98%. Ka lebaka la mokhatlo oo o lik'hemik'hale ea lisele e kenyeletsa hydrophilic (khona ho dissolving) le hydrophobic (metsi-Keneleng) lintho tse bonahalang. Ka bokahohleng solvent Polar, metsi o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa 'me e na le tšusumetso e otlolohileng e seng feela ka mosebetsi wa, empa hape le sebopeho haholo ea lisele. Tafole ka tlase e bontša dikahare metsi ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng tsa lisele tsa lintho tse phelang.

Ho sebetsa ha lik'habohaedreite ka seleng

Ha re ntse re ho hlalositsoe pejana, ho lik'hemik'hale manyolo bohlokoa - polymers - boetse ho na le lik'habohaedreite. Tsena li akarelletsa polysaccharides, oligosaccharides le monosaccharides. Lik'habohaedreite e leng karolo ea tsamaiso ea eketsehileng rarahaneng - glycolipids le glycoproteins, tse hahoa tsa lera la lisele le nadmembrannye sebopeho, mohlala glycocalyx.

Ho feta moo k'habone ka k'habohaedreite e akarelletsa liathomo tsa haedrojene le oxygenation, 'me ba bang ba polysaccharides na le ho feta naetrojene, sebabole le phosphorus. Lisele tsa semela lik'habohaedreite tse ngata: litapole tubers ba le ho fihlela ho 90% starch ka dipeo le litholoana k'habohaedreite dikahare ho fihlela ho 70%, mme lisele tse phoofolo li fumanoa ka sebōpeho sa metsoako kang glycogen, chitin le maltooligosyl.

Simple tsoekere (monosaccharides) na le moralo o balletsweng kakaretso CnH2nOn le arotsoe ka tetroses, triose, pentose le hexose. A ho qetela tse peli tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa lisele tsa lintho tse phelang, ho etsa mohlala, ribose le deoxyribose ke karolo ea acid nucleic, le tsoekere le fructose ameha liphetoho la assimilation le dissimilation. Oligosaccharides ba atisa ho fumanoa liseleng dimela: sucrose e bolokwa ka lisele tsa beet tsoekere le tsoekere ea 'moba, maltose tse caryopses germinated rye le harese.

Disaccharides na le tatso e monate le tse habonolo qhibilihang ka har'a metsi. Polysaccharides, ho ba le biopolymers bopilwe haholo-holo ea starch, selulose, glycogen le laminarin. Mefuta mehaho kenyeletsa polysaccharides chitin. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa lik'habohaedreite ka seleng - matla. Ka lebaka la liphetoho hydrolysis le metabolism eneji ee khomaretse polysaccharides ho tsoekere ea phaellana, 'me e ka nako eo oxidized ho carbon dioxide le metsi. Ka lebaka leo, a mob mobile mong oa lokolloang tsoekere 17,6 KJ ea matla le mehloli ea starch 'me glycogen, ke hantle lisele eneji, le pokello.

Glycogen e beha haholo-holo ka mesifa le sebete lisele tse, meroho starch - ka tubers, bulbs, metso, dipeo le arthropods, tse kang likho, likokoanyana le crustaceans, karolo ka sehloohong phepelo matla phetha oligosaccharide maltooligosyl.

Lik'habohaedreite li fapane le lipids le lihaha-'mele, e leng bokhoni ba ho senyeha ha anoxic. Sena ke ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lintho tse phelang le phelang maemong a sa khaello kapa ba sieo ha oksijene, tse kang libaktheria tse anaerobic, le helminths - likokoana-hloko tsa batho le liphoofolo.

Ho na le mosebetsi o mong oa lik'habohaedreite ka seleng - kaho (mehaho). Ho itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore lintho tse tsena li tšehetsa dibopeho ea lisele. Mohlala, selulose ke karolo ea marako a sele eo ea limela, chitin bopa e masapo ka ntle 'me invertebrates tse ngata le hlaha ka lisele tse fungal, olisaharidy hammoho lipids le liprotheine limolek'hule theha glycocalyx - nadmembranny rarahaneng. E fana ka mamarello - pakeng tsa lisele tse clumping phoofolo, e isang ho thehoe dinama tse nyenyane tse.

Lipids: sebopeho le mosebetsi

dintho tsena manyolo, e leng hydrophobic (metsi insoluble) ka tlosoa, i.e. ntšitsoeng lisele ke solvents nonpolar, tse kang monohalogen acetone kapa chloroform. mosebetsi wa lipids ka seleng e itšetlehile ka tseo sa lihlopha tse tharo ba e matleng a hae: ho mafura, waxes kapa steroid. Fats ke ba tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa mefuta eohle ea liseleng.

Liphoofolo ipokellela bona ka subcutaneous adipose dinama tse nyenyane tse, dinama tse nyenyane tse neural na le mafura a ka mokgwa wa ea myelin selateng tsa methapo ea kutlo. E boetse e bakoang ke ho liphio, sebete, likokoanyana - 'meleng mafura. Mokelikeli mafura - oli - fumanoang ka peō ea limela tse ngata: phaene, peanut, sonobolomo, sa mohloaare. The lipid dikahare liseleng ranges ho tloha 5 ho ea ho 90% (ka adipose dinama tse nyenyane tse).

Steroid le waxes fapana mafura ka hore ha ba na ka limolek'hule tsa litlhaka kahare mafura acid e. Ho joalo, steroid - ho-hormone adrenal cortex, amang kena bonneng kapa bosaling le 'mele le tse dikarolo tsa testosterone. Ba boetse ho na le karolo ea divithamini (mohlala, vithamine D).

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa lipids ka seleng - ke matla, kaho le tshireletso. Ea pele ke e loketseng e le hantle hore 1 a mob mobile ea mafura ka bokaholimo ba matsoele ho fana ka 38,9 KJ matla - tse ling tse ngata ho feta lintho tse ling tse phelang - liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite. Ho feta moo, ka ho kena moea oa 1lets mafura le se emelang hoo e ka bang 1,1 c. metsi. Ke ka lebaka leo ba bang ba liphoofolo li ba le setoko sa mafura 'meleng oa hao e ka ba nako e telele a sa noe metsi. Mohlala, gophers ka ba khaolitse ho foqoha seretse ka likhoeli tse fetang tse peli, ntle ho hore ho hlokahala bakeng sa metsi, 'me ha a noa metsi kamele ka ho fetoha ka lehoatateng bakeng sa matsatsi a 10-12.

Kaho ea lipids mosebetsi itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea lera la seleng, hammoho le karolo ea methapo ea kutlo e. Mosebetsi sireletsang lipids bopilwe ka 'nete ea hore mafura lera tlas'a letlalo ho pota liphio le litho tsa ka hare tse ling tse ka hare ba sireletsa kotsing phetha molao feela. Itseng mogote kwahelang mosebetsi ke ntho ea tlhaho ho liphoofolo bakeng sa nako e telele ho ba ka metsing: maruarua, liqibi, litiiso boea. Thick subcutaneous adipose kolohantsoeng, ho etsa mohlala, e putsoa leruarua ke 0.5 limithara, ho sireletsa phoofolo e tsoang hypothermia.

Boleng oksijene metabolism lisele

phelang aerobiki, tse akarelletsang batho ba bangata e hlollang ea liphoofolo, limela le motho, sebelisa sepakapakeng oksijene bakeng sa liphetoho eneji, le phapanyetsano ea isang ho le bokaholimo ba matsoele ya dintho manyolo le kabo ya e itseng eo di ea matla bokeletseng ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tsa diphosphate adenosine.

Kahoo, ho kena moea tse feletseng tsa mole mong oa tsoekere seo se etsahala ka cristae mitochondrial, 2800 KJ matla e abetswe, eo 1596 KJ (55%) e bolokwa ka mokgwa wa ATP limolek'hule nang mabapi macroergic. Kahoo, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa oksijene ka seleng - tshebediso ya respiration aerobiki, eo e thehiloe sehlopha a itšoare enzymatic thoeng ketane matšoafo etsahalang organelles - mitochondria. Ka phelang prokaryotic - libaktheria phototrophic le cyanobacteria - ho kena moea limatlafatsi le hlaha le tlas'a tšusumetso ea oksijene ntsang ka lisele tse ka protuberances hare tsa lera la lero la mali.

Re na le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lik'hemik'hale ea lisele e se a ithuta, hammoho le le thulaganyo ya protheine tswakana le mosebetsi oksijene metabolism eneji, le lisele.