Mehloli ea machaba ea Russia Federation le bophahamo ba modumo tsa bona

Ka boemo ba lipolotiki le tsa lichelete tsa naha ka sethaleng lefatše phetha bohlokoa karolo ea mehloli ea machaba. Russia, ka kutloisiso ena e tšoaroa setaleng hodimo tse leshome, le hoja ho itšetleha e tobileng ea mehloli ka theko ea oli.

Boikemisetso ba mehloli khauta

Khauta le chelete e 'ngoe, kapa ha ba ntse ba ba bitsoa, mehloli ea machaba (GCR) - boemo ena thepa, eo na le lengolo la phahameng ya tsa kontane le ba laoloa ke ditheo ka sehloohong ea chelete. E le busa, joalo 'mele ke Banka Central. mehloli Standard khauta tse hakanyetsoang ho ka khauta ea chelete le chelete e 'ngoe, eo e bitsoa bekapo. Hona joale, feela tse peli tsa lichelete tsena - the ya dollar US le la euro le. Ho phaella moo, ho hlophisoa ha mehloli ea machaba e kenyeletsa litokelo khethehileng kotokaka, kapa SDR (Litokelo Gemalte Special), o ile a ntša ke Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Chelete Fund, 'me maemong a pokello ea IMF.

Russia e mehloli ea machaba e kenyeletsa dikarolo tsohle.

mehloli sebopeho

Ka ditheo tsa lichelete tse fapaneng kajeno moo le mefuta e fapaneng le leholo le le le kutloisiso e pharaletseng ho feta e ne e le pele. Ka hona, le dikarolo tsa mehloli boemo lichelete ke likarolo tse ngata e utloahalang. litlaleho tse chelete tsoang linaheng tse ling ha li chelete feela unit trust pokello chelete tsa lefatše. Ba ile ba boela kenyeletsa mobung, ho akarelletsa le dikadimo khauta tlas'a ditumellano tsa khutlisetsang thekollo, tse reretsoeng ho Banka ea Central, Banka ya International metsana, hammoho le libanka khoebo le dikatlholo phahameng mokitlane ke maemo a mekhatlo ea machaba S & P lintlha, Moody le Fitch Ratings.

Bakeng sa mofuta ona wa mehloli ena le balebedi ikentse likolotong tse ile a ntša ke lik'hamphani tsoang linaheng tse ling. Boemong balebedi ile a ntša e lokela ho ba phahameng hape bakeng sa maemo a machaba mekhatlo lintlha S & P, Moody le Fitch Ratings. Sebōpeho sa mehloli khauta le tsona di kenyelleditswe balebedi isoa ka kalimo.

Machaba bokella mehloli tsoang linaheng tse ling li fetoleloa ka liranta US ka lebelo le ofisiri phapanyetsano.

The International Chelete Fund e le karolo ea mehloli ea khauta

Ke pokello maiketsetso le mokhoa oa ho tefo ke Litokelo Gemalte Special, kapa Litokelo Gemalte Special. sesebelisoa sena Ho lokolloa IMF (IMF) ha ba le mofuta o chelete, i.e. emela feela banka litlaleho direkoto tsa. Ho bua feela ka hara Fund le e sebediswa ho go tsepanya ka nngeleng ka tekano ditefello tse, ho koahela haelloa le mokitlane ditlamo. SDR ha a na litšobotsi tse likoloto kapa chelete.

sesebelisoa sena hlaha ka 1969 le sepheo ho kokobetsa ho le Triffin bothata, a bonahatsa likhanyetsano tsa tsamaiso Bretton Woods tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa likamano tsa chelete e le dipalelo pakeng tsa linaha tse peli. Khang hlaha thulana National mofuta pokello chelete le tshebetso tsa lona machaba.

Reserve boemo IMF akarelletsa ho bekapo 'me le kopanele ho reka ka mokitlane. Feteletseng chelete phepelo quotas ka chelete eo ke e Fund ka litlaleho tsa State oa mokha, e bitsoang bekapo karolo. Ka lebaka leo, karolo ea mokitlane lumella u ho reka chelete IMF fetang pokello tranche.

khauta ea setso

Ya e le hantle, sebōpeho sa mehloli ea machaba ea Federation ea Russia, 'me e akarelletsa HOLDINGS tsa khauta ka chelete, ke hore,' meleng o teng. Qalong, mehloli ea khauta ho ile ha thehoa bakeng sa lichelete naha. Ho tloha ka 1937, ho ruble Russia e ile pegged ho ya dollar e. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a hore ntoa ea Soviet Union ba ile ba qala ho tsamaea ka potlako ho fumana botsitso indasteri khauta, selemo le selemo ho mehloli ea khauta ka polokelong ea matlotlo ea eketseha ka tonnes 100. Ka 1950, Stalin ka etsa qeto ea ho hlakola ho ruble thakhisa ho ya dollar le beha dikahare khauta ea chelete ea sechaba ea Soviet Union. Lilemo tse peli hamorao, Stalin beha pele khopolo ea ho bōpa e maraka ya dollar e meng. Empa maikutlo a ka ba ne ba sa na nako ea ho kenya tshebetsong. Ka mor'a lefu la Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev khethile lan-Bophirimela tsela ea ntlafatso. Ho etsa bonnete ba li-ruble khauta le moeta-pele oa Soviet Union o ne a nka tšohanyetso 'me a khutlela Russia e chelete thakhisa ho ya dollar US.

The ya dollar US ile tšehetsoa ke khauta ho fihlela ka 1971, ha Mopresidente Richard Nixon ka molao o ile a phatlalatsa ho hlakoloa ha khauta tšehetsoa ke ya dollar e. Ke nako ea puso mehloli khauta ea naha oela ya rekoto 9,83 sakir lithane tse. Tloha 21,8 sekete. Lithane tse ka 1949. Ka eona nako eo ho ne ho sa machaba chelete 'maraka le ditefello phaphametseng phapanyetsano. marakeng e tšoauoa ka maemo a 'maraka free. Leha molao le ya dollar le boima babatsehang lahlehileng boemo ba bona e le pokello chelete, le ya dollar US e sa feela bolokoa, empa hape ke etsa sohle ho matlafatsa boemo ba eona.

Lekhetlo la ho qetela le mehloli ea khauta US ne tlas'a ya thuno ya ka ho phethahetseng ka 1953. Oa matsete e bolokwa ka polokelo bane. , Ho phaella ho US matlotlo setokong ka hare ho naha li boloketsoe mehloli ea tšepe ea bohlokoa bonyane 60 e re. Palo ea mehloli letsoalloa le tsoang linaheng tse ling 'na lekunutu, a le fa phahama ho a bale litsenyehelo ea a mangata menyenyetsi.

Red Gold Russia

Ho ea ka mehloli e bulehileng, Russia e mehloli ea machaba e le ea kajeno e na le boima ba lithane tse 1238 tsa khauta. Ho latela pontshi ena, Federation Russia ka molao Ranked botšelela lefatšeng. Kabelo ea khauta ka palo kakaretso ea mehloli ea khauta e 12%. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore pele Pele World Ntoa, e Russia Muso e ne e le e mong oa kholo ka ho fetisisa khauta bophahamo ba modumo ea lefatše ho ea - boima ba lithane tse 1.4 likete .. World le lintoa tsa lehae ripitla le letlotlong la hampe - ka 1928 ho ne ho tonnes 150 feela. Ka nako Stalinist, polokelo ea matlotlo hape "ho ruruha" le leng 2.5 sekete. Tonnes ke 1953. Empa ka nako eo mehloli ea khauta feela ho fokotsa, ho ena le tse khōlō, molumo rekiswa linaheng tse ling, Nikita Khrushchev. Ka 1991, baemeli ba baeta-pele ba naha ba ile ba phatlalatsa hore Union lefa litloholo lula boima ba lithane tse 290 feela tsa tšepe ea bohlokoa.

Russia mehloli khauta li arotsoe ka tse peli tse disproportionately. Boholo ba tsona li laoloa ke Banka ea Central ka therisano le 'muso oa Russia, e bolokwa ka kotloloho ka Bank of Russia. Karolo ea bobeli e ka Fund State ea tšepe ea bohlokoa le majoe a bohlokoa ba Federation ea Russia, liqeto ka qeta le ho phethoa karolo ena ea pokello e nkiloeng ka ho toba ke Mopresidente le 'Muso.

The dipharologanyo ea mehloli ea khauta

Metšoasong ea mosehla tšepe ea bohlokoa, e ne e akarelletsa ho mehloli ea machaba ea Federation ea Russia, qalong ea 2014, litsebi li hakanyetsoa ho liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 40. Leha nakong ea Banka 2013 Central mafolofolo fumana khauta tse rekisoang Russia, Leha ho le joalo, ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa bahlahlobisisi, boleng ba tšepe ea bohlokoa oela ka liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 11. Sena se ile sa etsa hore 'nete ea hore qetellong ea 2013 boemo ba khauta oela ho 7,8%, kenyelelitsoe molumo kakaretso ea mehloli ea machaba ea Federation le Serussia. Kabelo ea chelete tsoang linaheng tse ling karolo ka basketeng ile fokotswa ho 92,2% qalong ea selemong se fetileng.

Bahlahlobisisi ba bolela hore ho tloha qalong ea selemo sena, banka e bohareng ba tsoela pele ho eketsa mehloli khauta ea mehloli ea khauta, e ntseng e eketseha molumo meloho. Hobane boitšoaro ba ena ke e sa tloaelehang ka 'maraka khauta, litsebi li tsoang linaheng tse ling a fana ka maikutlo hore sena se lebaka la ho hloka sebete sa hore chelete US pushed Banka ea Central ea Federation Serussia bakeng sa theko ea.

Oli - motheong oa mehloli Russia khauta

ea sechaba "limpa tse kholo" lefela kgolo ya qalile ka lilemo tsa lekholo la bo21 la lilemo. mehloli ea machaba ea Federation Russia hōla ka leaps le meeli leboha ho litheko phahameng bakeng sa hydrocarbons ho fihlela ho maqakabetsi ea 2008. Ka nako eo ba ba ba fihla $ limilione tse likete tse 600. Ho boloka botsitso ka har'a naha ho tloha qalong ea bothata bona, ho ile ha bōpa National Boiketlo Fund. Russia e mehloli ea machaba fetohile nang le seabo lichelete ho sebopehong se secha. Sena se thibela bothata bo tebileng boo, empa molumo oa mehloli khauta hana. Feela ke bohareng ba bo-2013 e ne e khona ho tsosolosa bona - ho fihlela ho li-ruble tse limilione tse likete tse 533.

Nakong ea selemo ka selemong se fetileng, boemo bo ile ba qala ho fetola tsela e hlollang. Gane go tsenelela ea linaha tsa Europe Bophirimela le United States ka lebaka la ho kena nakong ea selemo ka selemong se fetileng, Crimea ho Russia, ho phaella moo, ba le lerotholinyana bohale litheko oli, devaluation ea chelete ea sechaba, le tšehetse ba ruble, kongei le kontrsanktsii - tsohle ena e se e le bothata bo boholo bakeng sa moruo Russia le sitoa ha ho ame boemo ba mehloli ea khauta. Bohareng ba selemo ba hana ke karolo ea boraro ea - ho liranta tse limilione tse likete sena ea 382, e leng limilione tse likete tse 12 ba ne ba le ditefello tse ho IMF. Ho oa tsoela pele selemo ho pota le ho e le qalo ea selemong sena, mehloli ea machaba ea Federation ea Russia ba ile ba fihlela bonyane ka 2007 - liranta tse limilione tse likete 374,7. Qalong ea May, bophahamo ba modumo bona ea e-ba 358.5, limilione tse likete tse.