Mehlala ea semiconductors. Mefuta, thepa, dikopo tse sebetsang

The tummeng ka ho fetisisa ke semiconductor ka silicon (Si). Empa ntle ho eena, ho na le ba bang ba bangata. Mehlala e leng ba tlhaho, tse kang semiconductor thepa ka blende (ZnS), cuprite (cu ₂ O), Galena (PBS) le batho ba bang ba bangata. Lelapa la semiconductors, ho akarelletsa le semiconductors lokiseditsweng ho dilaboratiriamong, e emela e mong oa litlelase ho fetisisa fapa-fapaneng ea thepa e tsejoa ke monna.

Characterization tsa semiconductors

Tsa likarolo 104 tsa tafole nako le nako ke tšepe 79, 25 - nonmetals ho tloha eo ho 13 metsoako rua thepa semiconducting le 12 - dielectric. Main semiconductor tšobotsi e na le ka hore conductivity bona eketsa haholo le ho eketseha mocheso. Ha thempereichara e tlaase, ba itšoare joaloka insulators, 'me ka holimo - ka e le conductors. semiconductors tsena li fapane le tsa tšepe: tšepe hanyetsa eketsa lekelekanang ho eketseha ha mocheso.

phapang e 'ngoe ho tloha tšepe semiconductor ke hore ho hanyetsa ea semiconductor le decreases le tlas'a tšusumetso ea leseli, ha a ntse a e qetellang ea tšepe e sa ameha. Hape ho conductivity ea semiconductors fapana ha tsamaisoa ho sa reng letho palo e se hloeke.

Semiconductors ba fumanoa har'a metsoako lik'hemik'hale le mehaho e fapaneng kristale. Tsena ka 'na ba likarolo tse kang silicon e le selenium, kapa metsoako habeli kang gallium arsenide. metsoako tse ngata manyolo, tse kang polyacetylene, (CH) _{n g,} - thepa semiconductor. Itseng semiconductors bontša matla a khoheli (Cd _{1-x, MN: x} Te) kapa thepa ferroelectric (SbSI). Tse ling alloying le lekaneng ba superconductors (GeTe le SrTiO _3). Ba bangata ba neng e sa tsoa a fumana superconductors phahameng mocheso na metallic semiconducting mohato. Mohlala, La ₂ CuO ₄ ke semiconductor, empa sebopeho sa motsoako le sr fetoha sverhrovodnikom (La _{1-: x sr: x) 2} CuO _4.

Fisiks libuka fa tlhaloso e le lintho tse bonahalang semiconductor ka resistivity motlakase tsa ho tloha 10 ^-4 ho 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Mohlomong e le tlhaloso e meng. E le bophara ba sehlopha se hanetsoeng ea semiconductor le - ho tloha 0 ho 3 eV. Tšepe le semimetals - ka lintho tse bonahalang le lefela eneji, le lekhalo, 'me ntho eo ho eona ho feta W eV bitsoa insulators. Ho na le ntle le mabaka a. Ka mohlala, semiconductor taemane e na le mefuta e hanetsoeng libaka 6 eV, e seka-li sireletsang serameng GaAs - 1.5 eV. Halh, ka lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa disebediswsa optoelectronic sebakeng putsoa, e na le se hanetsoeng sehlopha bophara ba 3,5 eV.

lekhalo eneji, le

Valence orbitals tsa liathomo tsa lekhoakhoa kristale ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tsa maemo eneji, le - e le libaka free, o lutse ka phahameng ka ho fetisisa, 'me ea etsang qeto ea conductivity ea motlakase oa semiconductors, le valence sehlopha, tlase. maemo ana, ho itšetlehile ka setshwani tsa lekhoakhoa kristale sebopeho le liathomo ka intersect kapa ho aroloa ka ho ba bang. Tabeng bobeli ho na le ke ya eneji, lekhalo, kapa ka mantsoe a mang, pakeng tsa libaka tse hanetsoeng sehlopha.

Lefelo le tlatsang boemo ba ikemiselitse ke thepa ea conductive ea boitsebiso boo. Ho ea ka ena lithethefatsi tšobotsi arotsoe ke conductors e, insulators, le semiconductors. E le bophara ba sehlopha se hanetsoeng ea semiconductor ho fapana 0.01-3 eV, matla lekhalo la dielectric feta 3 eV. Tšepe e loketseng ho lepelela ea likheo eneji, le maemo ha.

Semiconductors le insulators, ho fapana ho tšepe, ho dieleketerone tletse sehlopha valence le haufi mahala libaka, kapa conduction sehlopha, matla valence e etselitsoeng motero theoha ho tloha otlile - karolo e itseng ea matla e hanetsoeng ea dieleketerone.

Ka dielectrics eneji, le mogote kapa hlokomolohuoang tšimo ea motlakase ha hoa lekana ho etsa hore ho qhoma lekhalong lena, dieleketerone ha ho ya conduction sehlopha. Ba ba a sa khone ho tsamaea ka lekhoakhoa kristale le ba bajari ba morao-rao ea motlakase.

Ho energize le conductivity ea motlakase, e le elektrone e ka boemo valence lokela ho fuoa matla a, e leng ne e tla ba ho lekaneng ho hlōla lekhalo matla. Feela ha chelete e matla absorption ha nyenyane ho feta boleng ba lekhalo matla, e tla feta ho tswa valence elektrone boemo ba ka boemo conduction.

Boemong bo joalo, ha e le bophara ba lekhalo eneji, le feta 4 eV, conductivity semiconductor nyakallo ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo kapa futhumatsang ke hoo e batlang e ke ke ha khoneha - the nyakallo mafolofolo a dieleketerone le ka mocheso qhibiliha ha se lekaneng ho qhomela lekhalo eneji, le ka ho etela libaka le. Ha halefile, le kristale qhibiliha pele conductivity ea elektronike. dintho tseo li akarelletsa quartz (De = 5,2 no eV), taemane (De = 5,1 eV), letsoai tse ngata.

Extrinsic le sebōpeho sa motheo sa conductivity semiconductor

Net semiconductor kristale na sebōpeho sa motheo sa conductivity. semiconductors joalo tšoanetseng mabitso. Sebōpeho sa motheo sa semiconductor na le e lekanang palo ea likoti le dieleketerone free. Ha futhumatsang sebōpeho sa motheo sa conductivity ea semiconductors eketseha. Ha mocheso kamehla, ho na le boemo ba matla equilibrium palo ya generated lipara elektrone-lesoba 'me palo ea recombining dieleketerone le masoba, e lula e sa khaotseng tlas'a maemo ana.

Ho ba teng ha litšila haholo ama conductivity ea motlakase oa semiconductors. Phaella ka ho re ba fa monyetla oa ho eketsa haholo palo ea dieleketerone lokolohile ka palo e fokolang ea likoti le eketsa palo ea masoba nang le palo e fokolang ea dieleketerone ka boemo conduction. Hloeke semiconductors - the conductors ho ba le ho se hloeke conductivity.

Litšila ba habonolo donate dieleketerone ba bitsoa mofani. litšila mofani ka 'na ba likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le liathomo, e leng maemo valence eo na le dieleketerone ho feta liathomo tsa lintho tse bonahalang e le setsi. Mohlala phosphorus, 'me bismuth - e litšila ka silicon mofani.

Matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho qhoma ea elektrone e le sebakeng conduction, o bitsoa Tshebediso ya matla. Hloeke semiconductor hloka haholo ka tlaase ho moo ba e feta lintho tse bonahalang e le setsi. Le futhumatsang hanyenyane kapa khanya bogolosegolo lokolloa dieleketerone tsa liathomo tsa semiconductors hloeke. Beha tsoa ka athomo nka e le elektrone lesoba. Empa elektrone lesoba recombination ha etsahala. mofani lesoba conductivity e hlokomolohuoang. Sena ke hobane e nyenyane ea liathomo se hloeke ha lumella bolokolohi dieleketerone hangata e haufi le lesoba le ho tšoara eona. Dieleketerone tse ling le masoba, empa ha a khone ho tlatsa bona ka lebaka la ho boemong ba ya eneji, lekaneng.

A hanyenyane tseloe mofani hloeke ditaelo maloa eketsa palo ea dieleketerone conduction ha ho bapisoa le palo ea dieleketerone lokolohile ka semiconductor sebōpeho sa motheo. Dieleketerone mona - bajari se ka sehloohong sa liqoso athomo ea semiconductors hloeke. dintho tsena e matleng a hae ho semiconductors n g-mofuta.

Litšila hore tlama dieleketerone tsa semiconductor e, e ntseng e eketseha palo ea masoba ho eona, e bitsoang acceptor. Acceptor litšila ke likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le palo e nyenyane ea dieleketerone ka boemo ba valence ho feta e le setsi sa semiconductor ena. Boron, gallium, indium - acceptor se hloeke ka silicon e na.

Litšobotsi tsa semiconductor ho itšetlehile ka lona likoli kristale sebopeho. Sena se etsa hore ho hlokahala hore ba hola kristale e hloekileng ka ho fetisisa. The entsprechen tsa semiconductor conduction laoloa ke go tlaleletsa ka dopants. kristale ka silicon doped le phosphorus (V lesikeng elements) eo ke mofani ho bopa kristale silicon e-n-mofuta. Bakeng sa kristale le e leq-mofuta silicon e laolwa boron acceptor. Semiconductors lefisa Fermi boemong ba ho fallela e ka bohareng ba sehlopha sa 'mino lekhalo bōpiloe ka tsela ena.

ba se nang balekane-elements semiconductors

The semiconductor atileng ka ho fetisisa ke e le hantle, ka silicon. Hammoho le Jeremane, e ne e le mochine oa sehlopha sa kgolo ya semiconductors hore na mehaho e tšoanang le kristale.

Sebopeho kristale Si le Ge li tšoana le hore ba taemane le α-thini. Ho pota-pota mong le athomo 4 liathomo haufi eo theha tetraheterone. tšebelisano joalo e bitsoa ka makhetlo a mane. Kristale tetradricheskoy tlamo e tšepe botlaaseng tsa indasteri ea elektronike le ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho theknoloji ea kajeno. Tse ling tsa likarolo V le VI oa nako le nako sehlopha tafole boetse ho na le semiconductors. Mehlala ea mofuta ona wa semiconductors - phosphorus (P), sebabole (S), selenium (Se) le tellurium (Te). semiconductors tsena ka 'na ba liathomo mararo (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) kapa tšebelisano mane lesaka. Ka lebaka leo likarolo tse joalo li ka ba teng dibopeho tse 'maloa fapaneng bonaletsang,' me hape e ka lokisoa ka sebōpeho sa khalase. Mohlala, Se hōlileng ka dibopeho monoclinic le trigonal kristale kapa ka fensetere e (e leng ka boela ho nkuwa jwalo ka polymer a).

- Diamond o babatsehang mogote conductivity, e babatsehang thepa mechine le Optical, phahameng phetha molao matla. E le bophara ba lekhalo eneji, le - De = 5,47 eV.

- silicon - semiconductor sebediswa liseleng letsatsi, 'me mofuta o amorphous, - ka le basesaane-filimi lisele tse sa potoloho ea lipolanete. Ho ke ho fetisisa sebelisoa ka semiconductor lisele tse sa potoloho ea lipolanete, bonolo ho proizvodnje, o na e ntle thepa ea motlakase le ho phetha molao feela. De = 1,12 eV.

- Germanium - semiconductor sebelisitsoe ka ea gamma-ray spectroscopy, phahameng tshebetso lisele tse sa potoloho ea lipolanete. Sebelisoa ka diodes pele le transistors. Ho hloka tlase ho hloekisa ho feta ka silicon. De = 0,67 eV.

- Selenium - e semiconductor, e leng e sebelisoa ka rectifiers selenium ho ba le phahameng mahlaseli ho hanyetsa le matla a ho folisa ka boeona.

metsoako tse peli-elements

Properties tsa Semiconductors thehoa likarolo 3 le 4 tsa lihlopha nako le nako tafole tšoana le thepa ea metsoako 4 lihlopha. Phetoho ea ho tloha e lihlopha 4 likarolo ho metsoako 3-4 Gr. E etsa le puisano e karolo e 'ngoe hobane ionic dieleketerone qoso lipalangoang tloha athomo ho athomo 3 Group 4 Group. Ionicity fetola thepa ya semiconductors. Ao bo a bakang keketseho e Coulomb matla le Ion-Ion sebelisana eneji, le lekhalo sebopeho elektrone sehlopha. MOHLALA binary metsoako ea mofuta ona - indium antimonide, InSb, gallium arsenide GaAs, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, aluminium antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide lekhalo.

Ionicity eketseha le boleng ba lona e ntse e hōla lihlopha tse ngata ka metsoako 2-6 metsoako, tse kang cadmium selenide, zinki sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinki selenide. Ka lebaka leo, boholo ba metsoako lihlopha 2-6 hanetsoeng sehlopha batsi ho feta 1 eV, haese metsoako mercury. Mercury Telluride - ntle eneji, le lekhalo semiconductor, seka-tšepe, joaloka α-thini.

Semiconductors lihlopha 2-6 le kholoanyane eneji, le lekhalo fumana ho sebelisoa ka ho hlahisa lasers le bontšana. lihlopha Binary 6 2- komponeng le narrowed lekhalo eneji, le a loketse bakeng sa li amohelang go la la. metsoako Binary ya metsoako ea lihlopha 1-7 (cuprous lethal gene CuBr, Agi fumana silevera iodide, koporo chloride CuCl) ka lebaka la ionicity phahameng na bophara bandgap W eV. Ba se ke ha e le hantle semiconductors, le insulators. Crystal kgolo ya kotelemisaka bomoyi eneji, le ka lebaka la ho Coulomb sebelisana interionic ntsetso-peleng sebopeho liathomo letsoai le odara ea botšelela, ho ba quadratic hokahanya. Metsoako 4-6 lihlopha - sulfide, telluride loto, thini sulfide - ka e le semiconductors. Ionicity ya dintho tsena hape khothalletsa batho sebopeho sixfold tšebelisano. Haholo ionicity se kgetholle ba teng ba na le moqotetsane haholo likheo sehlopha, ba ka sebelisoa bakeng sa ho fumana mahlaseli a go la la. Gallium nitride - ka lihlopha komponeng 3-5 le mefuta e lekhalo matla fumana kopo ka lasers semiconductor le khanya-emitting diodes sebetsa karolong e putsoa ea a manyenyane ka.

- GaAs, gallium arsenide - ka ya tlhokeho mora oa bobeli ka silicon semiconductor e atisa ho sebelisoa e le substrate bakeng sa conductors tse ling, ho etsa mohlala, GaInNAs le InGaAs, ka setodiodah go la la, transistors phahameng maqhubu a le ant, haholo sebetsang hantle lisele tse sa potoloho ea lipolanete, diodes tham mong bang laser, mechine ea ho pheko ea nyutlelie. De = 1,43 eV, e ntlafatsa le disebediswa tse matla le ka bapisoa le ka silicon. Brittle, e na le litšila tse ngata ho thata ho proizvodnje.

- ZnS, zinki sulfide - zinki letsoai la sulphide hydrogen le libaka tse hanetsoeng sehlopha le 3,54 3,91 eV, sebelisoa ka lasers le jwalo phosphor ka.

- SnS, thini sulfide - semiconductor sebelisoa ka photoresistors le photodiodes, De = 1,3 le 10 eV.

oxides

The oxides tšepe ka go tlhaolega tse insulators babatsehang, empa ho na le ntle le mabaka a. Mehlala ea mofuta ona wa semiconductors - nikele oxide e, oxide e koporo, oxide e cobalt, dioxide e koporo, oxide e tšepe, oxide e europium, zinki oxide e. Ho tloha koporo dioxide e teng e le cuprite matsoai, thepa ea eona li ithutile tlhokomelwa fela thata. Tsamaiso ya ho lema mofuta ona wa semiconductor e e-s'o hlakile ka ho feletseng, e le ho sebelisa ha bona e ntse e le e fokolang. E le mokhelo ke oxide e zinki (ZnO), lihlopha komponeng 2-6, e sebelisoa e le transducer karolong eo le ka ho hlahisa litheipi sekgomaretsi le poleisetere.

Boemo bona bo fetoha haholo ka mor'a superconductivity ile ha fumanoa ka metsoako tse ngata tsa koporo le oksijene. Pele phahameng mocheso superconductor bula Bednorz le Muller, e ile komponeng semiconductor e thehiloeng La ₂ CuO _4, matla lekhalo la 2 eV. A emeng divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium kapa strontium, hlahiswa ka semiconductor qoso bajari ba le masoba. Ho finyella ho hlokahala lesoba mahloriso etsa La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. Ka nako ena, mocheso phahameng ka ho fetisisa la phetoho ho mmuso superconducting ke komponeng HgBaCa ₂ cu ₃ O _8. Ha khatello e phahameng, boleng lona ke 134 K.

ZnO, oxide e zinki varistor e sebediswa, e putsoa khanya-emitting diodes, e hlahlobang khase, e hlahlobang tsa likokoana-hloko, coatings lifensetere ho bontša khanya go la la, e le mokhanni ka lipontšo LCD le libeteri letsatsi. De = 3,37 eV.

kristale mekhahlelo

metsoako habeli joaloka diiodide loto, gallium selenide le molybdenum disulphide fapana mekhahlelo sebopeho kristale. le dikarolo ba covalent litlamo tsa matla haholo, matla ho feta le van der Waals litlamo pakeng tsa le dikarolo ea bona. Semiconductors mofuta joalo tse thahasellisang hobane dieleketerone itšoare ka le dikarolo tsa quasi-peli tlhakore. Sebelisana tsa le dikarolo e fetohile ka ho kenyelletsa liathomo kantle - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide e sebelisoa ka mechine phahameng maqhubu a, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. De = 1,23 le 1,8 eV.

semiconductors manyolo

Mehlala ea semiconductors motheong oa metsoako manyolo - naphthalene naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) n g,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. semiconductors Organic na le molemo holim'a bao e seng manyolo: ba ho le bonolo ho ho phatlalatsa boleng batlang. Dintho ka litlamo tsa conjugate theha -C = C-C = rua mohlomong Optical bao e seng linearity le, ka lebaka la ho etsa sena, ka optoelectronics sebelisoa. Ho feta moo, matla a sehlopha lekhalo manyolo semiconductor komponeng ea moralo e fapana phetoho hore ho be bonolo haholo ho feta hore ba semiconductors tloaelehileng. Bonaletsang allotropes tsa fullerenes k'habone, graphene, nanotubes - hape semiconductors.

- Fullerene na le sebopeho ka mokgwa wa e koetsoeng khonvekse polyhedron ugleoroda esita le palo ea liathomo. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ ka tšepe a alkali fetola hore e be superconductor ka.

- graphite k'habone monoatomic lera e thehoa, e amana ka ba babeli-tlhakore hexagonal lekhoakhoa. Rekoto ea nang conductivity le elektrone tsamaiso, phahameng se tenyetsehe

- Nanotubes ba phuthoa ka poleiti tube, graphite ho ba le bophara ea nanometers 'maloa. Tsena mefuta e meng ea k'habone na ka tsepiso ea hae e khōlō ka nanoelectronics. Ho itšetlehile ka hore coupling ka 'na ba metallic kapa semiconductor boleng.

semiconductors khoheli

Metsoako le ions a khoheli a ba europium le mankanese na bohelehele a khoheli le semiconducting thepa. Mehlala ea mofuta ona wa semiconductors - europium sulfide, selenide europium le tharollo tiileng, joalo Cd _{1-x, MN: x} Te. The dikahare tsa ions a khoheli a ama lintho tse bobeli bontša thepa a khoheli a kang ferromagnetism le antiferromagnetism. Semimagnetic semiconductors - ke ka thata a khoheli a semiconductors ditharollo eo na le ions a khoheli a ka mahloriso tlaase. Joalo ditharollo tiileng hohela tlhokomelo ea tebello hao le le menyetla e mengata ea dikopo ho ka khonehang. Ka mohlala, ho fapana ho semiconductors bao e seng matla a khoheli, ba ka finyella makhetlo a limilione tse kholoanyane Faraday ba chenchana.

Matla litla magnetooptical tsa semiconductors a khoheli a lumella ho sebelisa ha bona bakeng sa diileketerone Optical. Perovskites, joaloka MN _0.7 Ca _0,3 O _3, thepa lona le phahametse tšepe-semiconductor phetoho, eo ka ho toba ho itšetleha ka liphello khoheli ka lipono tse makatsang tsa seqhenqha magneto-resistivity. Ba li sebelisoa seea-le-, lisebelisoeng Optical, tse laoloang ke matla a khoheli, ka disebediswa tsa ho microwave e waveguide.

semiconductor ferroelectrics

kristale mofuta ona e tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ka linako bona motlakase le ketsahalo e ea karohanyo itlelang feela. Ka mohlala, thepa e joalo ke semiconductors lebisa titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, germanium telluride, GeTe, thini telluride SnTe, eo ka thempereichara e tlaase na thepa ferroelectric. thepa tsena li sebelisoa e seng moleng Optical, e hlahlobang piezoelectric le lisebelisoa hlooho.

A mefuta e fapaneng ya thepa semiconductor

Ho phaella ho thepa semiconductor boletsoeng ka holimo, ho na le ba bang ba bangata hore le se ke la oela tlas'a e 'ngoe ea mefuta ena. Metsoako ea moralo 1-3-5 likarolo ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ le 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ theha sebopeho chalcopyrite kristale. Ikopanya tetrahedral metsoako analogous semiconductors 3-5 'me lihlopha 2-6 le zinki sebopeho blende kristale. Metsoako tse theha semiconductor likarolo 5 le lihlopha 6 (tšoanang le Joalokaha ₂ Se _3), - ea semiconductor ka mokgwa wa kristale kapa khalase. Chalcogenides tsa bismuth le tin li sebelisoa lijenereithara semiconductor thermoelectric. The thepa ea mofuta ona wa semiconductor thahasellisa haholo, empa ha baa ka ba li atile ka lebaka la ho ya kopo e fokolang. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea hore ba be teng, e tiisa ho ba teng ha e e-s'o ka botlalo fuputswa tšimo ea semiconductor fisiks.